In the writing summarize written text section of the PTE you will need to read a piece of information that is given to you. Then, you will need to summarize what you have read. Keep in mind that the summary needs to explain to someone who doesn’t have the original information what was written.
Some tips for PTE Writing Summarize Written Text questions.
Read the passage below and summarize it using one sentence. Type your response in the box at the bottom of the screen. You have 10 minutes to finish this task. Your response will be judged on the quality of your writing and on how well your response presents the key points in the passage.
- Write out bullet points for each paragraph to start.
- Summarize your bullet points into a single sentence.
- Write an answer that is at least 35 words but no more than 50 words.
- Don’t miss basic grammar (capital letters, period, etc.)
- Do not include information that is not in the text.
- Write in the third person.
- Look for information in the final paragraph.
- Don’t skip any important information.
- Use transition words like ‘however, but, or.’
- Write everything in one sentence.
- Use words that you know well.
- Follow the scoring guidelines when writing and practicing.
Summarize Written Text Questions 1
Read the passage below and summarize it using one sentence. Type your response in the box at the bottom of the screen. You have 10 minutes to finish this task. Your response will be judged on the quality of your writing and on how well your response presents the key points in the passage.
San, people of southern Africa, consisting of several groups and numbering over 85,000 in all. They are generally short in stature; their skin is yellowish brown in color; and they feature prominent cheekbones. The San have been called Bushmen by whites in South Africa, but the term is now considered derogatory. Although many now work for white settlers, about half are still nomadic hunters and gatherers of wild food in desolate areas like the Kalahari semi-desert, which streches between todays Nation States of Botswana, Namibia and South Africa. Their social unit is the small hunting band; larger organizations are loose and temporary. Grashuts, caves and rock shelters are used as dwellings. They possess only what they can carry, using poisoned arrowheads to fell game and transporting water in ostrich-egg shells. The San have a rich folklore, are skilled in drawing, and have a remarkably complex language characterized by the use of click sounds, related to that of the Khoikhoi . For thousands of years the San lived in southern and central Africa, but by the time of the Portuguese arrival in the 15th cent., they had already been forced into the interior of southern Africa. In the 18th and 19th cent., they resisted the encroachment on their lands of Dutch settlers, but by 1862 that resistance had been crushed.
Several of San, short Southern African people with yellowish brown skin color and prominent cheekbones, still live in small hunting units, following a primitive way of life in interior of southern Africa, having been pushed there by the Portugese.
Summarize Written Text Questions 2
Read the passage below and summarize it using one sentence. Type your response in the box at the bottom of the screen. You have 10 minutes to finish this task. Your response will be judged on the quality of your writing and on how well your response presents the key points in the passage.
Consider the current situation: Like their counterparts in the United States, engineers and technicians in India have the capacity to provide both computer programming and innovative new technologies. Indian programmers and high-tech engineers earn one- quarter of what their counterparts earn in the United States. Consequently, India is able to do both jobs at a lower dollar cost than the United States: India has an absolute advantage in both. In other words, it can produce a unit of programming for fewer dollars than the United States, and it can also produce a unit of technology innovation for fewer dollars. Does that mean that the United States will lose not only programming jobs but innovative technology jobs, too? Does that mean that our standard of living will fall if the United States and India engage in international trade?
David Ricardo would have answered no to both questions—as we do today. While India may have an absolute advantage in both activities, that fact is irrelevant in determining what India or the United States will produce. India has a comparative advantage in doing programming in part because such activity requires little physical capital. The flip side is that the United States has a comparative advantage in technology innovation partly because it is relatively easy to obtain capital in this country to undertake such long-run projects. The result is that Indian programmers will do more and more of what U.S. programmers have been doing in the past. In contrast, American firms will shift to more and more innovation. The United States will specialize in technology innovation; India will specialize in programming. The business man-agers in each country will opt to specialize in activities in which they have a comparative advantage. As in the past, the U.S. economy will continue to concentrate on what are called the “most best” activities.
What a country will engage in international trade depends on its comparative advantage, so India will do more computer programming due to its comparative disadvantage of obtaining physical capital while the United State will engage in capital-intensive technology innovation, though India can do both at lower costs.
Summarize Written Text Questions 3
Read the passage below and summarize it using one sentence. Type your response in the box at the bottom of the screen. You have 10 minutes to finish this task. Your response will be judged on the quality of your writing and on how well your response presents the key points in the passage.
Jobs generated by Travel & Tourism are spread across the economy – in retail, construction, manufacturing and telecommunications, as well as directly in Travel & Tourism companies. These jobs employ a large proportion of women, minorities and young people; are predominantly in small and medium sized companies; and offer good training and transferability. Tourism can also be one of the most effective drivers for the development of regional economies. These patterns apply to both developed and emerging economies.
There are numerous good examples of where Travel & Tourism is acting as a catalyst for the conservation and improvement of the environment and maintenance of local diversity and culture. Travel & Tourism creates jobs and wealth and has tremendous potential to contribute to economically, environmentally, and socially sustainable development in both developed countries and emerging nations. It has a comparative advantage in that its start-up and running costs can be low compared to many other forms of industry development. It is also often one of the few realistic options for development in many areas. Therefore, there is a strong likelihood that the Travel & Tourism industry will continue to grow globally over the short to medium term.
Travel and tourism industry improves the development of regional economies and maintenance of the environment and culture and will continue to grow in the short to medium term because of its comparatively low starting and running costs.
Summarize Written Text Questions 4
Read the passage below and summarize it using one sentence. Type your response in the box at the bottom of the screen. You have 10 minutes to finish this task. Your response will be judged on the quality of your writing and on how well your response presents the key points in the passage.
The history of marketers seeking the advice of physicists is a short one, but an understanding of the Theory of Resonance may give communications experts the edge. Resonance Theory explains the curious phenomenon of how very small pebbles dropped
into a pond can create bigger waves than a large brick. The brick makes a decent splash but its ripples peter out quickly. A tiny pebble dropped into the same pond, followed by another, then another, then another, all timed carefully, will create ripples that build into small waves.
As Dr Carlo Contaldi, a physicist at Imperial College London, explains, a small amount of energy committed at just the right intervals – the ‘natural frequency’ – creates a cumulatively large effect.
Media consultant Paul Bay believes that just as with pebbles in a pond, a carefully choreographed and meticulously timed stream of communication will have a more lasting effect than a sporadic big splash during prime-time TV breaks.
Innocent is testament to the power of pebbles. Until last year, the maker of smoothies had never advertised on TV, instead drip-feeding the market with endless ingenious marketing ploys – from annotating its drinks labels with quirky messages to hosting its own music festival, Fruitstock. The company sent a constant stream of messages rather than communicating through the occasional big and expensive noise.
So whether you’re trying to make waves in the laboratory or in the media, the people in white coats would advise a little and often. A big budget is not the prerequisite of success.
Resonance theory, which explains that very small pebbles dropped into a pond can create bigger waves than a single large brick, can also be applied to media such that a carefully choreographed and timed stream of communication will create a more cumulative and lasting effect than a big occasional propaganda.
Summarize Written Text Questions 5
Read the passage below and summarize it using one sentence. Type your response in the box at the bottom of the screen. You have 10 minutes to finish this task. Your response will be judged on the quality of your writing and on how well your response presents the key points in the passage.
Spurred by the sense that disorderly behaviour among students in South Euclid was increasing, the school resource officer (SRO) reviewed data regarding referrals to the principal’s office. He found that the high school reported thousands of referrals a year for bullying and that the junior high school had recently experienced a 30 percent increase in bullying referrals. Police data showed that juvenile complaints about disturbances, bullying, and assaults after school hours had increased 90 percent in the past 10 years.
A researcher from Kent State University (Ohio) conducted a survey of all students attending the junior high and high school. Interviews and focus groups were conducted with students—identified as victims or offenders— teachers, and guidance counsellors. Finally, the South Euclid Police Department purchased a Geographic Information System to conduct crime incident mapping of hotspots within the schools. The main findings pointed to four primary areas of concern: the environmental design of the school; teacher knowledge of and response to the problem; parental attitudes and responses; and student perspectives and behaviours.
The SRO worked in close collaboration with a social worker and the university researcher. They coordinated a Response Planning Team comprising many stakeholders that was intended to respond to each of the areas identified in the initial analysis. Environmental changes included modifying the school schedule and increasing teacher supervision of hotspots. Counsellors and social workers conducted teacher training courses in conflict resolution and bullying prevention. Parent education included mailings with information about bullying, an explanation of the new school policy, and a discussion about what could be done at home to address the problems. Finally, student education included classroom discussions between homeroom teachers and students, as well as assemblies conducted by the SRO. The SRO also opened a substation next to a primary hotspot. The Ohio Department of Education contributed by opening a new training centre to provide a non-traditional setting for specialized help.
The results from the various responses were dramatic. School suspensions decreased 40 percent. Bullying incidents dropped 60 percent in the hallways and 80 percent in the gym area. Follow-up surveys indicated that there were positive attitudinal changes among students about bullying and that more students felt confident that teachers would take action when a problem arose. Teachers indicated that training sessions were helpful and that they were more likely to talk about bullying as a serious issue. Parents responded positively, asking for more information about the problem in future mailings. The overall results suggest that the school environments were not only safer, but that early intervention was helping at-risk students succeed in school.
After careful research and study, the School Resource Officer coordinated a Response Planning Team to respond to incidents of bullying and disorderly behavior in schools, which resulted in a sharp decrease in such incidents.
Summarize Written Text Questions 6
Read the passage below and summarize it using one sentence. Type your response in the box at the bottom of the screen. You have 10 minutes to finish this task. Your response will be judged on the quality of your writing and on how well your response presents the key points in the passage.
Some of this panic is overdone—and linked to the business cycle: there was much ado about “a war for talent” in America in the 1990s, until the dotcom bubble burst. People often talk about shortages when they should really be discussing price. Eventually, supply will rise to meet demand and the market will adjust. But, while you wait, your firm might go bust. For the evidence is that the talent shortage is likely to get worse.
Nobody really disputes the idea that the demand for talent-intensive skills is rising. The value of “intangible” assets—everything from skilled workers to patents to know-how—has ballooned from 20% of the value of companies in the S&P 500 to 70% today. The proportion of American workers doing jobs that call for complex skills has grown three times as fast as employment in general. As other economies move in the same direction, the global demand is rising quickly.
As for supply, the picture in much of the developed world is haunted by demography. By 2025 the number of people aged 15-64 is projected to fall by 7% in Germany, 9% in Italy and 14% in Japan. Even in still growing America, the imminent retirement of the baby-boomers means that companies will lose large numbers of experienced workers in a short space of time (by one count half the top people at America’s 500 leading companies will go in the next five years). Meanwhile, two things are making it much harder for companies to adjust.
The first is the collapse of loyalty. Companies happily chopped out layers of managers during the 1990s; now people are likely to repay them by moving to the highest bidder. The second is the mismatch between what schools are producing and what companies need. In most Western countries schools are churning out too few scientists and engineers—and far too many people who lack the skills to work in a modern economy (that’s why there are talent shortages at the top alongside structural unemployment for the low-skilled).
Talent shortage is likely to get worse globally in the future because of an ageing population, the collapse of employee loyalty and the mismatch between what schools are producing and what companies need.
Summarize Written Text Questions 7
Read the passage below and summarize it using one sentence. Type your response in the box at the bottom of the screen. You have 10 minutes to finish this task. Your response will be judged on the quality of your writing and on how well your response presents the key points in the passage.
Marshmallow test
They call it the “marshmallow test.” A four- to six-year-old-child sits alone in a room at a table facing a marshmallow on a plate. The child is told: “If you don’t eat this treat for 15 minutes you can have both it and a second one.” Kids on average wait for five or six minutes before eating the marshmallow. The longer a child can resist the treat has been correlated with higher general competency later in life.
Now a study shows that ability to resist temptation isn’t strictly innate—it’s also highly influenced by environment.
Researchers gave five-year-olds used crayons and one sticker to decorate a sheet of paper. One group was promised a new set of art supplies for the project—but then never received it. But the other group did receive new crayons and better stickers.
Then both groups were given the marshmallow test. The children who had been lied to waited for a mean time of three minutes before eating the marshmallow. The group that got their promised materials resisted an average of 12 minutes.
Thus, the researchers note that experience factors into a child’s ability to delay gratification. When previous promises have been hollow, why believe the next one?
A study shows that children’s ability to resist temptation is highly influenced by their environment, and the children who have a positive experience linked to waiting, can delay gratification longer compared to others.
Summarize Written Text Questions 8
Read the passage below and summarize it using one sentence. Type your response in the box at the bottom of the screen. You have 10 minutes to finish this task. Your response will be judged on the quality of your writing and on how well your response presents the key points in the passage.
Human remains are a fundamental part of the archaeological record, offering unique insights into the lives of individuals and populations in the past. Recently a new set of challenges to the study of human remains has emerged from a rather unexpected direction: the British government revised its interpretation of nineteenth-century burial legislation in a way that would drastically curtail the ability of archaeologists to study human remains of any age excavated in England and Wales. This paper examines these extraordinary events and the legal, political and ethical questions that they raise.
In April 2021 the British government announced that, henceforth, all human remains archaeologically excavated in England and Wales should be reburied after a two-year period of scientific analysis. Not only would internationally important prehistoric remains have to be returned to the ground, removing them from public view, but also there would no longer be any possibility of long-term scientific investigation as new techniques and methods emerged and developed in the future. Thus, while faunal remains, potsherds, artefacts and environmental samples could be analysed and re-analysed in future years, human remains were to be effectively removed from the curation process. Archaeologists and other scientists were also concerned that this might be the first step towards a policy of reburying all human remains held in museum collections in England and Wales including prehistoric, Roman, Saxon, Viking and Medieval as well as more recent remains.
The British government’s decision to rebury all human remains after a period of two years, will negatively affect the work of archaeologists and make long-term scientific studies almost impossible.
Summarize Written Text Questions 9
Read the passage below and summarize it using one sentence. Type your response in the box at the bottom of the screen. You have 10 minutes to finish this task. Your response will be judged on the quality of your writing and on how well your response presents the key points in the passage.
Geothermal energy – Africa
What is the solution for nations with increasing energy demands, hindered by frequent power cuts and an inability to compete in the international oil market? For East Africa at least, experts think geothermal energy is the answer. More promising still, the Kenyan government and international investors seem to be listening. This is just in time according to many, as claims of an acute energy crisis are afoot due to high oil prices, population spikes and droughts.
Currently over 60% of Kenya’s power comes from hydroelectric sources but these are proving increasingly unreliable as the issue of seasonal variation is intensified by erratic rain patterns. Alternative energy sources are needed; and the leading energy supplier in Kenya, Kenya Electricity Generating Company (KenGen), hopes to expand its geothermal energy supply from 13% to 25 % of its total usage by 2021. The potential of geothermal energy in the region was first realised internationally by the United Nations Development Program, when geologists observed thermal anomalies below the East African Rift system. Locals have been utilising this resource for centuries; using steam vents to create the perfect humidity for greenhouses, or simply to enjoy a swim in the many natural hot lakes.
Along the 6000 km of the rift from the Red Sea to Mozambique, geochemical, geophysical and heat flow measurements were made to identify areas suitable for geothermal wells. One area lies next to the extinct Olkaria volcano, within the Hell’s Gate National Park, and sits over some of the thinnest continental crust on Earth. This is a result of the thinning of the crust by tectonic stretching, causing hotter material below the Earth’s surface to rise, resulting in higher temperatures. This thin crust was ideal for the drilling of geothermal wells, reaching depths of around 3000 m, where temperatures get up to 342°C, far higher than the usual temperature of 90°C at this depth. Water in the surrounding rocks is converted to steam by the heat. The steam can be used to drive turbines and produce electricity. Wells like those in Olkaria operate by pumping cold water down to permeable ‘geothermal reservoir’ rocks, causing steam to rise back up a nearby production well. Care must be taken with the rate at which cold water is added so as to not permanently cool the source rock.
Geothermal energy will be used as an alternative electric source to meet increasing energy demands in East African countries made possible by the geological advantage owing to thermal anomalies below the East African Rift system.
Summarize Written Text Questions 10
Read the passage below and summarize it using one sentence. Type your response in the box at the bottom of the screen. You have 10 minutes to finish this task. Your response will be judged on the quality of your writing and on how well your response presents the key points in the passage.
Development of language
What is text/written language anyway? It’s an ancient IT for storing and retrieving information. We store information by writing it, and we retrieve it by reading it.
Six thousand to 10,000 years ago, many of our ancestors’ hunter-gatherer societies settled on the land and began what’s known as the agricultural revolution. That new land settlement led to private property and increased production and trade of goods, generating a huge new influx of information. Unable to keep all this information in their memories, our ancestors created systems of written records that evolved over millennia into today’s written languages.
But this ancient IT is already becoming obsolete. Text has run its historic course and it now rapidly getting replaced in every area of our lives by the ever-increasing array of emerging ITs driven by voice, video, and body movement rather than the written word. In my view, this is a positive step forward in the evolution of human technology, and it carries great potential for a total positive redesign of K-12 education.
Written language, which is an ancient method of storing and retrieving information, is quickly getting replaced by modern information technologies, which involve more audio, visual or kinetic elements, and this can have a positive impact on K-12 education.
Summarize Written Text Questions 11
Read the passage below and summarize it using one sentence. Type your response in the box at the bottom of the screen. You have 10 minutes to finish this task. Your response will be judged on the quality of your writing and on how well your response presents the key points in the passage.
The English have the reputation of being a nation of tea drinkers, but this wasn’t always the case. By the end of the 17th century, the English were the biggest coffee drinkers in the Western world, and coffee houses became the places to be seen. For gossip also, one could pick up talk of the latest intellectual developments in the field of science, politics, and so on, in this age of scientific discovery and research. Coffee houses were very simple and basic at first; one can say a room with a bar at one corner and a few plain tables and chairs at the other end. Customers paid a penny for a bowl – not a cup – of coffee. At that time, it was thought that the customers didn’t use bad language just because of the presence of a polite young woman. An added attraction was that coffee houses provided free newspapers and journals.
But people didn’t go to the coffee houses just to drink coffee. They went to talk. Simple cafes were converted and developed into clubs, where one with a penny could go for a drink and a chat. Most of them started to go to coffee houses to find other people with the same job or of same interest to talk and conduct business.
The great popularity of coffee houses lasted about a 100 years. In the later 18th century, increased trade with other countries made such luxuries as coffee cheaper and more easily available to the ordinary person. As a result, people started to drink it at home. At that time more tea was imported from abroad. The domestic tea-party replaced the century of the coffee house as the typical English social occasion.
Although the English are known as tea drinkers, in the 17th and 18th centuries, they went to coffee houses, not just to drink coffee but also have a chat about latest intellectual developments.
Summarize Written Text Questions 12
Read the passage below and summarize it using one sentence. Type your response in the box at the bottom of the screen. You have 10 minutes to finish this task. Your response will be judged on the quality of your writing and on how well your response presents the key points in the passage.
The system of Crop Intensification is a climate-smart, agro-ecological methodology for increasing the productivity of crops and more recently other crops by changing the management of plants, soil, water, and nutrients.
SCI methodology is based on four main principles that interact with each other. Early, quick and healthy plant establishment; Reduced plant density; Improved soil conditions through enrichment with organic matter; Reduced and controlled water application. Based on these principles, farmers can adapt recommended SCI practices to respond to their agro-ecological and socio-economic conditions. Adaptations are often undertaken to accommodate changing weather patterns, soil conditions, labor availability, water control, access to organic inputs, and the decision whether to practice fully organic agriculture or not. In addition, the SCI principles have been applied to feed rice and to other crops, such as wheat, sugarcane, pulses, showing increased productivity over current conventional planting practices.
The System of Crop Intensification practice, a contemporary agro-ecological technique to strengthen the betterment of the plantation of crops like wheat, rice, pulses and so forth, over the traditional process, works on four principles basically by ameliorating and adjusting the soil cum farming conditions to achieve high yield.
Summarize Written Text Questions 13
Read the passage below and summarize it using one sentence. Type your response in the box at the bottom of the screen. You have 10 minutes to finish this task. Your response will be judged on the quality of your writing and on how well your response presents the key points in the passage.
Elderly people are growing healthier, happier and more independent, say American scientists. The results of a 14-year study to be announced later this month reveal that the diseases associated with old age are afflicting fewer and fewer people and when they do strike, it is much later in life.
Researchers, now analyzing the results of data gathered in 1994, say arthritis, high blood pressure and circulation problems-the major medical complaints in this age group-are troubling a smaller proportion every year. And the data confirms that the rate at which these diseases are declining continues to accelerate. Other diseases of old-age dementia, stroke, arteriosclerosis, and emphysema-are also troubling fewer and fewer people.
‘It really raises the question of what should be considered normal aging,’ says Kenneth Manton, a demographer from Duke University in North Carolina. He says that the problems doctors accepted as normal in a 65-year-old in 1982 are often not appearing until people are 70 or 75, clearly, certain diseases are beating a retreat in the face of medical advances. But there may be other contributing factors. Improvements in childhood nutrition in the first quarter of the twentieth century, for example, gave today’s elderly people better start in life than their predecessors.
The ailments and principal medical complaints related to the well-being in the elder age are generally alleviating due to the factors like improved nutrition and advancements in the medical science, according to an American research; thus leading to the longevity.
Summarize Written Text Questions 14
Read the passage below and summarize it using one sentence. Type your response in the box at the bottom of the screen. You have 10 minutes to finish this task. Your response will be judged on the quality of your writing and on how well your response presents the key points in the passage.
Educational technology is defined by the Association for Educational Communications and Technology as “The study and ethical practice of facilitating learning and improving performance by creating, using, and managing appropriate technological processes and resources.” Educational technology refers to the use of both physical hardware and educational theoretic. It encompasses several domains, including learning theory, computer-based training, online learning, and, where mobile technologies are used, m-learning. Accordingly, there are several discrete aspects to describing the intellectual and technical development of educational technology.
* educational technology as the theory and practice of educational approaches to learning.
* educational technology as technological tools and media that assist in the communication of knowledge, and its development and exchange.
* educational technology for learning management systems (LMS), such as tools for student and curriculum management, and education management information systems (EMIS).
* educational technology itself as an educational subject; such courses may be called “Computer Studies” or “Information and communications technology (ICT)”.
Educational technology spurs learning by advancing the overall academic and practical performance with the usage of computer-based models, e-learning, and some other domains like flexibility in communications of knowledge and management in access to information.
Summarize Written Text Questions 15
Read the passage below and summarize it using one sentence. Type your response in the box at the bottom of the screen. You have 10 minutes to finish this task. Your response will be judged on the quality of your writing and on how well your response presents the key points in the passage.
By far the most popular and most consumed drink in the world is water, but it may come as no surprise that second most popular beverage is tea. Although tea was originally grown only in certain parts of Asia in countries such China, Burma, and India – it is now a key export product in more than 50 countries around the globe. Countries that grow tea, however, need to have the right tropical climate, which includes up to 200 centimeters of rainfall per year to encourage fast growth and temperatures that range from ten to 35 degrees centigrade.
They also need to have quite specific geographical features, such as high altitudes to promote the flavor and taste of the tea, and land that can offer plenty of shade in the form of other trees and vegetation to keep the plants cool and fresh. Together these conditions contribute to the production of the wide range of high-quality teas that are in such huge demand among the world’s consumers. There is green tea, jasmine tea, earl tea, peppermint tea, tea to help you sleep, tea to promote healing and tea to relieve stress; but above all, tea is a social drink that seems to suit the palates and consumption habits of human general.
Tea, the second most popular drink in the world is grown in over 50 countries but these countries have to have the right climate and geographical features in order to produce sufficient high-quality teas to meet the huge demand around the world.
Summarize Written Text Questions 16
Read the passage below and summarize it using one sentence. Type your response in the box at the bottom of the screen. You have 10 minutes to finish this task. Your response will be judged on the quality of your writing and on how well your response presents the key points in the passage.
Australia’s food system has grown and evolved over hundreds of years. It is a system that’s served Australians well and underpinned much of our economic prosperity. But it’s a system at risk. And nowhere is the threat larger or more real than in the domain of food fraud.
This is at a time when Australia should be laying the foundation’s for a food economy that can achieve even higher value in the minds and stomachs of the growing Asian middle-class Consumer.
We want to help Australian food to deliver on its promises in a way that survives beyond our borders and as close to the end consumption of the product as possible. Whatever the promise of the food is, be it organic Angus beef from the Hunter Valley, or native jarrah honey from Albany we want to help Australian food producers deliver on and capture the value of its promise.
Australia’s food system which served the citizens and burgeoned the economic growth of the country has become the dilemma in food sector requires our assistance to accomplish its commitments and end utilization of the product effectively.
Summarize Written Text Questions 17
Read the passage below and summarize it using one sentence. Type your response in the box at the bottom of the screen. You have 10 minutes to finish this task. Your response will be judged on the quality of your writing and on how well your response presents the key points in the passage.
Under the present system of mass education by classes, too much stress is laid on teaching and too little on active learning. The child is not encouraged to discover on his own powers, thus losing intellectual independence and all capacity to judge for himself. The over-taught child is the advertising-believing propaganda-swallowing, demagogue-led man. Moreover, lessons in class leave him mainly unoccupied. He has to be coerced into learning what does not interest him and the information acquired mechanically is rapidly forgotten. Quite naturally, lessons in class keep him only superficially preoccupied, keeping the mind largely unoccupied of ideas. A strict external discipline becomes necessary unless there is to be chaos and pandemonium. The child learns to obey, not to control himself. He loses moral as well as intellectual independence.
Such are the main defects in the current system of mass education. Many others could be mentioned but these are defects of detail. We need a new system of universal education of the same kind as proved itself so successful in the training of detectives and infants, but modified so as to be suitable for older boys and girls. We need a system of individual education.
The current mass education system stresses more on teaching and not on the child actively learning, and the lessons, unwillingly imposed on the child leads to his mind being unoccupied, consequently, the child loses his ability to think or judge for himself, and hence, it is necessary to come up with a new system of individual education, similar to the training of detectives or infants.
Summarize Written Text Questions 18
Read the passage below and summarize it using one sentence. Type your response in the box at the bottom of the screen. You have 10 minutes to finish this task. Your response will be judged on the quality of your writing and on how well your response presents the key points in the passage.
One of the major uses for VR in the customer experience journey is the ability to design spaces and experiences for customers virtually, and be able to test, refine and enhance these at a much lower cost and quicker turnaround than testing physical prototypes. Robbie Robertson, a lead partner in the Spatial and Brand Experience team says “In our ever-changing world the need to test, immerse and validate our ideas with our customers has become paramount. Using VR and AR we can provide a mixture of three core elements:
Engage: VR is an immersive technology that allows customers to experience a space and place before it is built. Persuade: we can test and train stakeholders in new work practices or process to ensure that they are adopted correctly.
Inform: visualizing a new idea or concept has always been a challenge for many clients. VR and AR allow us to inform them immediately as to the impact of our designs.”
The use of VR in designing spaces and experiences allows them to engage consumers in the building process and train the stakeholders in new practices and help them visualize the new ideas and thus lowering the cost and turnaround time.
Summarize Written Text Questions 19
Read the passage below and summarize it using one sentence. Type your response in the box at the bottom of the screen. You have 10 minutes to finish this task. Your response will be judged on the quality of your writing and on how well your response presents the key points in the passage.
With all the discussions about protecting the earth and saving the planet, it is easy to forget that we also need to preserve the many species of fish that live in the oceans. In developed countries, much larger quantities of fish are consumed than was the case a century ago when fish only featured on the menu once a week. These days, fish has become a popular healthy alternative to meat and this has created a demand for species such as cod, mackerel, and tuna that far outstrips the demands of the previous generation. Throughout the world too, increasing consumption during the past 30 years has meant that the shallow parts of the ocean have been overfished in an effort to supply homes, shops, and restaurants with the quantities of fish that they require. Yet despite the sophisticated fishing techniques of today, catches are smaller than they were a century or more ago. What is more, boats are having to drop their nets much deeper into the oceans and the fish they are coming up with are smaller and weigh less than they used to. While government controls have had some effect on fish stocks, the future does not offer a promising picture. Experts predict large-scale extinctions and an irreversibly damaging effect on entire ecosystems unless greater efforts are made to conserve fish stocks and prevent overfishing in the world’s waters.
The increasing demand for fish, particularly in developed countries and the rapidly declining fish stocks in the world’s oceans because of overfishing to meet demand should be of concern to governments, who need to do more to protect the earth and its ecosystems, and avoid unnecessary species extinction.
Summarize Written Text Questions 20
Read the passage below and summarize it using one sentence. Type your response in the box at the bottom of the screen. You have 10 minutes to finish this task. Your response will be judged on the quality of your writing and on how well your response presents the key points in the passage.
Most sea creatures, from whales and dolphins to fish, sharks, shrimps and possibly even anemones respond to sound, and many can produce it. They use it to hunt and to hide, find mates and food, form and guide shoals, navigate ‘blind’, send messages and transmit warnings, establish territories, warm off competitors, stun prey, deceive predators, and sense changes in water and conditions. Marine animals click bones and grind teeth; use drum tight bladders and special sonic organs to chirp, grunt, and boom: belch gases; and vibrate special organs. Far from the ‘silent deep’, the oceans are a raucous Babel.
Into this age-long tumult, in the blink of an evolutionary eye, has entered a new thunder: the throb of mighty engines as 46,220 large vessels plough the world’s shipping lanes. Scientists say that background new noise in the ocean has increased roughly by 15 decibels in the past 50 years. It may not sound like much in overall terms, but it is enough, according to many marine biologists, to mask the normal sounds of ocean life going about its business. At its most intense, some even say noise causes wheels to become disoriented, dolphins to develop ‘the bends’, fish to go deaf, flee their breeding grounds or fail to form shoals – enough to disrupt the basic biology of two-thirds of the planet.
Undersea noise pollution is like the death of a thousand cuts, says Sylvia Earle, chief scientist of US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. ‘Each sound in itself may not be a matter of critical concern, but taken all together, the noise from shipping, seismic surveys, and military activity is creating a totally different environment than existed even 50 years ago. That high level of noise is bound to have a hard, sweeping impact on life in the sea.
Many ocean creatures are dependent on underwater sound to live and breed, but in the last 50 years, noises made by human activity have increased background ocean noise levels by about 15 decibels, which may have a very negative and disruptive effect on sea life and may lead to extinction.
Summarize Written Text Questions 21
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It’ll Never Fly: The City Of London
Who would have thought back in 1698, as they downed their espressos, that the little band of stockbrokers from Jonathan’s Coffee House in Change Alley EC3 would be the founder- members of what would become the world’s mighty money capital?
Progress was not entirely smooth. The South Sea Bubble burst in 1720 and the coffee house exchanges burned down in 1748. As late as Big Bang in 1986, when bowler hats were finally hung up, you wouldn’t have bet the farm on London surpassing New York, Frankfurt, and Tokyo as Mammon’s international nexus. Yet the 325,000 souls who operate in the UK capital’s financial hub have now overtaken their New York rivals in the size of the funds managed (including offshore business); they hold 70% of the global secondary bond market and the City dominates foreign exchange trading. And its institutions paid out £9 billion in bonuses in December. The Square Mile has now spread both eastwards from EC3 to Canary Wharf and westwards into Mayfair, where many of the private-equity ‘locusts’ and their hedge-fund pals now hang out. For foreigners in finance, London is the place to be. It has no Sarbanes-Oxley and no euro to hold it back, yet the fact that it still flies so high is against the odds. London is one of the most expensive cities in the world to live in, transport systems groan and there’s an ever-present threat of terrorist attack. But, for the time being, the deals just keep on getting bigger.
London has surpassed its rivals and has dominated global financial markets to become the world’s mighty money capital due to its judicial and currency advantages even though the expansion progress was not smooth.
Summarize Written Text Questions 22
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With an abundance of low-priced labour relative to the United States, it is no surprise that China, India and other developing countries specialize in the production of labour-intensive products. For similar reasons, the United States will specialize in the production of goods that are human- and physical-capital intensive because of the relative abundance
This division of global production should yield higher global output of both types of goods than would be the case if each country attempted to produce both of these goods itself. For example, the United States would produce more expensive labour-intensive goods because of its more expensive labour and the developing countries would produce more expensive human and physical capital-intensive goods because of their relative scarcity of these inputs. This logic implies that the United States is unlikely to be a significant global competitor in the production of green technologies that are not relatively intensive in human and physical capital.
Nevertheless, during the early stages of the development of a new technology, the United States has a comparative advantage in the production of the products enabled by this innovation. However, once these technologies become well-understood and production processes are designed that can make use of less-skilled labour, production will migrate to countries with less expensive labour.
The United States has a comparative advantage in the production during early stages of the development of a new technology, but/however, once these technologies become well understood, production will migrate to countries with less expensive labour.
Summarize Written Text Questions 23
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Virgin Media is the first telecoms and media company in the UK to offer “quad play” to its customers, bundling ultra fast broadband, TV and fixed-line telephony alongside its existing mobile phone services. But with these expanding product lines comes increasing operational complexity. Historically, most of Virgin’s sales were made through calls to its contact centres, but as consumer preferences change, the company has recognised the need to move away from a culture that fostered competition between the different sales channels towards a unified approach.
Change in consumer preferences drove Virgin Media to diversify from existing conventional telecom services to a unified approach such as the ultra-fast broadband ‘quad play’ which, in turn, has increased operational complexities.
Summarize Written Text Questions 24
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A bonus round, also known as a bonus game or an end game, usually follows a main game as a bonus to the winner of that game. In the bonus round, the stakes are higher and the game is considered to be tougher. The game play of a bonus round usually varies from the standard game play of the front game, although there are often borrowed or related elements of the main game in the bonus round in order to ensure the entire show has a unified premise. Though some end games are referred to as “bonus rounds”, many are not specifically referred to as such in games, though they fit the same general role.
There is no one formula for the format of a bonus round. There are differences in almost every bonus round, though there are many recurring elements from show to show. The bonus round is often played for the show’s top prize.
Until the 1960s, most game shows did not offer a bonus round. In traditional two-player formats, the winner – if a game show’s rules provided for this – became the champion and simply played a new challenger either on the next show or after the commercial break.
One of the earliest forms of bonus rounds was the Jackpot Round of the original series Beat the Clock. After two rounds of performing stunts, the wife of the contestant couple would perform at a jackpot board for a prize. The contestant was shown a famous quotation or common phrase, and the words were scrambled. To win the announced bonus, the contestant had to unscramble the words within 20 seconds. The contestant received a consolation gift worth over $200 if she was unsuccessful.
Bonus round, which is a special high stake and more challenging round at the end of a game, with varying formats and a gameplay that can differ from that of the main game, became more common after 1960s with series such as Beat the Clock including a bonus Jackpot Round.
Summarize Written Text Questions 25
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Cheese sandwiches can be grilled so that the bread toasts and the cheese melts, a dish referred to as a grilled cheese sandwich, or simply grilled cheese. A slice of grilled cheese is often heated by placing the buttered slices of bread, with the cheese between the slices, on a frying pan or griddle.
Another form of cooked cheese sandwich is the cheese toastie or toastie, a dish particularly popular in the United Kingdom that is prepared by either baking or grilling a cheese sandwich in an oven, or toasting bag in an electric toaster, or using a pie iron in order to toast the bread and melt the cheese. Cheddar is the most common cheese used in a toastie. It is usually served as a snack, or as a usually lunchtime meal, in most cases with a side of salad.
Cooked bread and cheese is an ancient food according to food historians, popular across the world in many cultures. Evidence indicates that, in the U.S., the modern version of the grilled cheese sandwich originated in the 1920s when inexpensive sliced bread and American cheese became readily available. The cheese dream, an open-facedgrilled cheese sandwich, became popular in the U.S. during the Great Depression.
Bonus round, which is a special high stake and more challenging round at the end of a game, with varying formats and a gameplay that can differ from that of the main game, became more common after 1960s with series such as Beat the Clock including a bonus Jackpot Round.
Summarize Written Text Questions 26
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India ranking remains low in gender equality measures by the World Economic Forum, although the rank has been improving in recent years. When broken down into components that contribute the rank, India performs well on political empowerment, but is scored near the bottom with China on sex selective abortion. India also scores poorly on overall female to male literacy and health rankings. India with a 2013 ranking of 101 out of 136 countries had an overall score of 0.6551, while Iceland, the nation that topped the list, had an overall score of 0.8731 (no gender gap would yield a score of 1.0). Gender inequalities impact India’s sex ratio, women’s health over their lifetimes, their educational attainment, and economic conditions. It is a multifaceted issue that concerns men and women alike.
The labor force participation rate of women was 80.7% in 2013. Nancy Lockwood of Society for Human Resource Management, the world’s largest human resources association with members in 140 countries, in a 2009 report wrote that female labor participation is lower than men, but has been rapidly increasing since the 1990s. Out of India’s 397 million workers in 2001, 124 million were women, states Lockwood.
India is on target to meet its Millennium Development Goal of gender parity in education before 2016. UNICEF’s measure of attendance rate and Gender Equality in Education Index (GEEI) capture the quality of education. Despite some gains, India needs to triple its rate of improvement to reach GEEI score of 95% by 2015 under the Millennium Development Goals. A 1998 report states that rural India girls continue to be less educated than the boys.
India’s ranking in gender equality is low overall but improving in areas such as political empowerment and economy where number of working women has been increasing rapidly since 1990s and also education in which India is on target to meet the Millennium Development Goal of equality in Education though it must triple the rate of improvement to reach that goal by 2016.
Summarize Written Text Questions 27
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YouTube originally offered videos at only one quality level, displayed at a resolution of 320×240 pixels using the Sorenson Spark codec (a variant of H.263), with mono MP3 audio. In June 2007, YouTube added an option to watch videos in 3GP format on mobile phones. In March 2008, a high-quality mode was added, which increased the resolution to 480×360 pixels.
In November 2008, 720p HD support was added. At the time of the 720p launch, the YouTube player was changed from a 4:3 aspect ratio to a widescreen 16:9. With this new feature, YouTube began a switchover to H.264/MPEG-4 AVC as its default video compression format. In November 2009, 1080p HD support was added. In July 2010, YouTube announced that it had launched a range of videos in 4K format, which allows a resolution of up to 4096×3072 pixels. YouTube has since lowered the maximum resolution to 3840×2160 pixels, which is twice as many pixels in both directions as 1080p.
In June 2014, YouTube introduced videos playing at 60 frames per second, in order to reproduce video games with a frame rate comparable to high-end graphics cards. The videos play back at a resolution of 720p or higher.
YouTube videos are available in a range of quality levels. The former names of standard quality (SQ), high quality (HQ) and high definition (HD) have been replaced by numerical values representing the vertical resolution of the video. The default video stream is encoded in the VP9 format with stereo Opus audio; if VP9/WebM is not supported in the browser/device or the browser’s user agent reports Windows XP, then H.264/MPEG-4 AVC video with stereo AAC audio is used instead.
India’s ranking in gender equality is low overall but improving in areas such as political empowerment and economy where number of working women has been increasing rapidly since 1990s and also education in which India is on target to meet the Millennium Development Goal of equality in Education though it must triple the rate of improvement to reach that goal by 2016.
Summarize Written Text Questions 28
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Whilst enjoying a creamy pint of draft Guinness, have you ever wondered about its journey from brewery to bar The famous black stuff (it’s actually ruby red) is available in 100 countries worldwide and is brewed in almost 50. As you can imagine, it’s a complex undertaking getting it from plant to pub and one that’s fundamental to the company’s success.
A Deloitte team from Risk Analytics. Financial Advisory and Consulting has spent the past two years working with Diageo on its commercial and supply chain programme, Project ice Cap. The objective was to iron out peaks and troughs in sales by improving the client’s understanding of customer demand and sales behavior. At the same time, we looked at removing inefficiencies to help save costs. The programme spanned Diageo’s enormous logistics process from production and warehousing to distribution and retail. Our work supported Diageo in becoming a consumer-driven organization, and with reduced volatility and unpredictability in customer behavior.
Having collaborated with Diageo, Deloitte has undertaken research on the manufacturing process of the world famous Guinness brand, which not only comprises of effective understanding of clientele behavior but is also instrumental in making Diageo a consumer-driven organization.
Summarize Written Text Questions 29
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What makes teaching online unique is that it uses the Internet, especially the World Wide Web, as the primary means of communication. Thus, when you teach online, you don’t have to be someplace to teach. You don’t have to lug your briefcase full of papers or your laptop to a classroom, stand at a lectern, scribble on a chalkboard, or grade papers in a stuffy room while your students take a test. You don’t even have to sit in your office waiting for students to show up for conferences. You can hold “office hours” on weekends or at night after dinner.
You can do all this while living in a small town in Wyoming or a big city like Bangkok, even if you’re working for a college whose administrative offices are located in Florida or Dubai. You can attend an important conference in Hawaii on the same day that you teach your class in New Jersey, longing on from your laptop via the local cafe’s wireless hot sport or your hotel room’s high-speed network.
Online learning offers more freedom for students as well. They can search for courses using the Web, scouring their institution or even the world for programs, classes and instructors that fit their needs. Having found an appropriate course, they can enrol and register, shop for their books, read articles, listen to lectures, submit their homework assignments, confer with their instructors, and receive their final grades – all online. They can assemble in virtual classrooms, joining other students from diverse geographical locales, forging bond and friendships not possible in conventional classrooms, which are usually limited to students from a specific geographical area.
Online teaching provides the freedom to both teachers and students as teachers need not be at a specific place to teach because they use the internet as the medium of communication, whereas, students can enroll, register, submit assignments and receive grades- all online.
Summarize Written Text Questions 30
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Nurse sharks are nocturnal animals, spending the day in large inactive groups of up to 40 individuals. Hidden under submerged ledges or in crevices within the reef, the Nurse sharks seem to prefer specific resting sites and will return to them each day after the nights hunting. By night, the sharks are largely solitary. Nurse sharks spend most of their time foraging through the bottom sediments in search of food. Their diet consists primarily of crustaceans, molluscs, tunicates and other fish such as spiny lobsters, crabs, shrimps, sea urchins, octopuses, squid, marine snails and bivalves and in particularly, stingrays.
Nurse sharks are thought to take advantage of dormant fish which would otherwise be too fast for the sharks to catch, although their small mouths limit the size of prey items, the sharks have large throat cavities which are used as a sort of bellows valve. In this way, Nurse sharks are able to suck in their prey. Nurse sharks are also known to graze algae and coral. Nurse sharks have been observed resting on the bottom with their bodies supported on their fins, possibly providing a false shelter for crustaceans which they then ambush and eat.
Nurse Sharks, spend most of the time either foraging through the bottom to find food or resting at specific sites, hunts at night and spends the day in large inactive groups.
Summarize Written Text Questions 31
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How can we design great cities from scratch if we cannot agree on what makes them great? None of the cities where people most want to live such as London, New York, Paris and Hong Kong comes near to being at the top of surveys asking which are best to live in.
The top three in the most recent Economist Intelligence Units livability ranking, for example, were Melbourne, Vancouver, and Vienna. They are all perfectly pleasant, but great? The first question to tackle is the difference between livability and greatness. Perhaps we cannot aspire to make a great city, but if we attempt to make a livable one, can it in time become great?
There are some fundamental elements that you need. The first is public space. Whether it is Vienna’s Ringstrasse and Prater park, or the beaches of Melbourne and Vancouver, these are places that allow the city to pause and the citizens to mingle and to breathe, regardless of class or wealth. Good cities also seem to be close to nature, and all three have easy access to varied, wonderful landscapes and topographies.
A second crucial factor, says Ricky Burdett, a professor of urban studies at the London School of Economics, is a good transport system. Affordable public transport is the one thing which cuts across all successful cities, he says.
The factors such as easy access to various landscapes, public space for citizens to breathe, and affordable public transportation are crucial for designing a great city.
Summarize Written Text Questions 32
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Water is at the core of sustainable development. Water resources, and the range of services they provide underpin poverty reduction, economic growth, and environmental sustainability. From food and energy security to human and environmental health, water contributes to improvements in social well- being and inclusive growth, affecting the livelihoods of billions. In a sustainable world that is achievable in the near future, water and related resources are managed in support of human well-being and ecosystem integrity in a robust economy.
Sufficient and safe water is made available to meet every person’s basic needs, with healthy lifestyles and behaviors easily upheld through reliable and affordable water supply and sanitation services, in turn, supported by equitably extended and efficiently managed infrastructure. Water resources management, infrastructure, and service delivery are sustainably financed. Water is duly valued in all its forms, with wastewater treated as a resource that avails energy, nutrients, and freshwater for reuse.
Water, which improves the social well-being and affects the livelihood of billions, is a core of sustainable development due to which its resources are managed for integrity in the ecosystem.
Summarize Written Text Questions 33
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With an abundance of low-priced labor relative to the United States, it is no surprise that China, India and other developing countries specialize in the production of labor-intensive products. For similar reasons, the United States will specialize in the production of goods that are human-and-physical- capital intensive because of the relative abundance of a highly educated labor force and technically sophisticated equipment in the United States. This division of global production should yield higher global output of both types of goods than would be the case if each country attempted to produce both of these goods itself. For example, the United States would produce more expensive labor-intensive goods because of its more expensive labor and the developing countries would produce more expensive human and physical capital-intensive goods because of their relative scarcity of these inputs. This logic implies that the United States is unlikely to be a significant global competitor in the production green technologies that are not relatively intensive in human and physical capital.
Nevertheless, during the early stages of the development of a new technology, the United States has a comparative advantage in the production of the products enabled by this innovation. However, once these technologies become well understood and production processes are designed that can make use of less skilled labor, production will migrate to countries with less expensive labor.
Different countries enjoy comparative advantage due to availability of human and physical capital or low-price labor, which leads to a greater worldwide production by specializing in the goods for which these countries have comparable advantages, so once the processes are well perceived, production is transferred from developed countries to countries with cheap labor.
Summarize Written Text Questions 34
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Consider the current situation: like their counterparts in the United States, engineers and technicians in India have the capacity to provide both computer programming and innovative new technologies. Indian programmers and high-tech engineers earn one-quarter of what their counterparts earn in the United States. Consequently, India is able to do both jobs at a lower dollar cost than the United States: India has an absolute advantage in both. In other words, it can produce a unit of programming for fewer dollars than the United States, and it can also produce a unit of technology innovation for fewer dollars. Does that mean that the United States will lose not only programming jobs but innovation technology jobs, too? Does that mean that our standard of living will fall if the United States and India engage in international trade?
David Ricardo would have answered no to both questions -as we do today. While India may have an absolute advantage in both activities, that fact is irrelevant in determining what India or the United States will produce. India has a comparative advantage in doing programming in part because such activity requires little physical capital. The flip side is that the United States has a comparative advantage in technology innovation partly because it is relatively easy to obtain capital in this country to undertake such long-run projects. The result is that Indian programmers will do more and more of what U.S. programmers have been doing in the past. In contract, American firms will shift to more and more innovation. The United States will specialize in technology innovation; India will specialize in programming. The business managers in each country will opt to specialize in activities in which they have a comparative advantage. As in the past, the U.S. economy will continue to concentrate on what are called the “most best❞ activities.
Despite the fact that India has an absolute advantage in both computer programming and innovative new technologies, it is irrelevant in determining what India and United will produce in the future, as each country will opt to specialize in activities in which they have a comparative advantage, hence American firms will continue to concentrate on innovation and Indian will specialize in programming.
Summarize Written Text Questions 35
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The City of London Who would have thought back in 1698, as they downed their espressos, that the little band of stockbrokers from Jonathan’s Coffee House in Change Alley EC3 would be the founder: members of what would become the world’s mighty money capital?
Progress was not entirely smooth. The South Sea Bubble burst in 1720 and the coffee house exchanges burned down in 1748. As late as Big Bang in 1986, when bowler hats were finally hung up, you wouldn’t have bet the farm on London surpassing New York, Frankfurt and Tokyo as Mammon’s international nexus. Yet the 325,000 souls who operate in the UK capital’s financial hub have now overtaken their New York rivals in size of the funds managed (including offshore business); they hold 70% of the global secondary bond market, and the City dominates foreign exchange trading. And its institutions paid out £9 billion in bonuses in December. The Square Mile has now spread both eastwards from EC3 to Canary Wharf and westwards into Mayfair, where many of the private-equity ‘locusts’ and their hedge-fund pals now hang out.
For foreigners in finance, London is the place to be. It has no Sarbanes Oxley and no euro to hold it back, yet the fact that it still flies so high is against the odds. London is one of the most expensive cities in the world to live in, transport systems groan and there’s an ever-present threat of terrorist attack. But, for the time being, the deals just keep on getting bigger.
The city of London, the world’s mighty money capital, has evolved tortuously since 1698 and now has surpassed other metropolitans and dominated the global financial market, which leads London to be rather attractive to financial investors despite its substantial living cost, hidden safety concerns as well as congested transportation.
Summarize Written Text Questions 36
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As far as prediction is concerned, remember that the chairman of IBM predicted in the fifties that the world would need a maximum of around half a dozen computers, that the British Department for Education seemed to think in the eighties that we would all need to be able to code in BASIC and that in the nineties Microsoft failed to foresee the rapid growth of the Internet. Who could have predicted that one major effect of the automobile would be to bankrupt small shops across the nation? Could the early developers of the telephone have foreseen its development as a medium for person-to-person communication, rather than as a form of broadcasting medium? We all, including the ‘experts’, seem to be peculiarly inept at predicting the likely development of our technologies, even as far as the next year. We can, of course, try to extrapolate from experience of previous technologies, as I do below by comparing the technology of the Internet with the development of other information and communication technologies and by examining the earlier development of radio and print. But how justified I might be in doing so remains an open question. You might conceivably find the history of the British and French videotex systems, Prestel and Minitel, instructive. However, I am not entirely convinced that they are very relevant, nor do I know where you can find information about them online, so, rather than take up space here, I’ve briefly described them in a separate article.
Reliably predict technology trends and implications of every technology innovation is challenging even for technological experts, and extrapolating from
experience of previous technologies does not suffice credibility as many cases are considered irrelevant or untraceable.
Summarize Written Text Questions 37
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Why and to what extent should parents control their children’s TV watching? There is certainly nothing inherently wrong with TV. The problem is how much television a child watches and what effect it has on his life. Research has shown that as the amount of time spent watching TV goes up, the amount of time devoted not only to homework and study but other important aspects of life such as social development and physical activities decreases. Television is bound to have it tremendous impact on a child, both in terms of how many hours a week he watches TV and of what he sees. When a parent is concerned about the effects of television, he should consider a number of things: what TV offers the child in terms of information and knowledge, how many hours a week a youngster his age should watch television, the impact of violence and sex, and the influence of commercials. What about the family as a whole? Is the TV set a central piece of furniture in your home! Is it flicked on the moment someone enters the empty house? Is it on during the daytime? Is it part of the background noise of your family life? Do you demonstrate by your own viewing that television should be watched selectively?
Since television is clearly here to stay, it is important that parents manage their children’s TV viewing so that it can be a plus rather than a minus in the family situation.”
As television, an inevitable object of human life, has a significant impact on psychological, physical and social growth of children, parents along with the whole family should control the viewing time and content of TV in order to transform the negatives to positives.
Summarize Written Text Questions 38
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When Namibia gained independence in 1990, teenager Pascolena Florry was herding goats in the country’s dry, desolate Northern Savannah. Her job, unpaid and dangerous, was to protect her parents’ livestock from preying jackals and leopards. She saw wildlife as the enemy, and many of the other indigenous inhabitants of Namibia’s rural communal lands shared her view. Wildlife poaching was commonplace. Fifteen years later, 31-year-old Pascolena’s life and outlook are very different. She has built a previously undreamed of career in tourism and is the first black Namibian to be appointed manager of a guest lodge. Her village, and hundreds of others, have directly benefited from government efforts to devolve wildlife management and tourism development on communal lands to conservancies run by indigenous peoples. “Now we see the wildlife as our way of creating jobs and opportunities as the tourism industry grows,” she says. “The future is better with wildlife around, not only for jobs, but also for the environment”.
Despite the fact that many Namibians including Pascolena Florry initially believed that wildlife was enemy, this perspective of Namibians has been changed after 15 years and wildlife is considered a blessing for employment opportunities and environment because of the development of tourism and wildlife.
Summarize Written Text Questions 39
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As we explore the intricate beauty of the natural world, we are continuously amazed by the fantastic art of camouflage. While this technique has become a cornerstone of modern warfare, animals have perfected it for countless ages.
In the wild, creatures are in a constant state of conflict. Those unable to evade danger through rapid movement must rely on their ability to hide or disguise themselves. This is especially true for those who hunt for a living, who must approach their prey without alerting them to their presence.
Nature has gifted these wild creatures a remarkable ability to disguise themselves by colouring them with shades best suited for escaping enemies or entrapping prey. Animals are usually coloured according to their specific habitats, with a few notable exceptions that make protective resemblance advisable. Many of the most striking examples of protective resemblance among animals arise from their intimate association with the surrounding flora and natural scenery. The creatures imitate every part of a tree, from its flowers and fruits to its bark and roots. The incredible attention to detail in this mimicry is simply astonishing.
Animals have become experts in disguising themselves through colour and protective resemblance to evade danger and approach prey
unnoticed by imitating their natural surroundings with great attention to detail.
Summarize Written Text Questions 40
Read the passage below and summarize it using one sentence. Type your response in the box at the bottom of the screen. You have 10 minutes to finish this task. Your response will be judged on the quality of your writing and on how well your response presents the key points in the passage.
As we journey to Australia, we witness how its beauty and opportunities attract many migrants from far and wide. Its strong and prosperous economy, diverse society, and stunning landscapes make it a dream destination for those seeking a better life.
To fulfil their aspirations, many people apply for the coveted Australia PR Visa, which allows them to enter and reside in this wondrous land for good. These visas come in various forms, such as skilled work and family visas, and each has unique eligibility requirements. But, to enjoy the privileges of these visas, applicants must meet the requirements and pass the stringent visa application process.
Moreover, being a permanent resident doesn’t automatically guarantee re-entry into Australia after leaving the country. However, most permanent residents can apply for Australian citizenship after living in the country for four years, with at least 12 months spent as permanent residents.
Australia’s appeal as a destination of opportunity and a better life has become a reality for many. But, to truly call it their home, migrants must fulfil the requirements and embrace the country’s culture and way of life.
Australia’s strong economy, diverse society, and stunning landscapes attract many migrants who aspire to secure permanent residency through various visas and must meet the eligibility requirements while embracing the country’s culture to make it their home.
Summarize Written Text Questions 41
Read the passage below and summarize it using one sentence. Type your response in the box at the bottom of the screen. You have 10 minutes to finish this task. Your response will be judged on the quality of your writing and on how well your response presents the key points in the passage.
The Great Smoky Mountains have a unique forest that feels magical and mysterious. This is the cove hardwood forest, a place where the diversity of trees in the canopy is unparalleled. Although this forest is not exclusive to topographic flats and hollows, it is known as a cove forest due to its occurrence in these low-lying areas. But, it can also be found on steep slopes where the soil moisture conditions are ideal.
This ancient forest is particularly intriguing because its trees have been found in Cretaceous-era fossils in the eastern United States. This discovery has led plant geographers to speculate that the cove hardwood forest is a very ancient mix of species that was probably the ancestor of several other widespread forest communities. Today, this unique forest community is a rare sight, and we are lucky that it remains uncut in the Great Smoky Mountains. The cove hardwood forest does not have any exclusive plant or animal species. Still, it is distinguished by its remarkable variety of trees, making it an important part of the region’s natural heritage.
The Great Smoky Mountains have a unique and ancient cove hardwood forest with diverse trees, believed to be an ancestor to other forests and an important part of the region’s natural heritage.
Summarize Written Text Questions 42
Read the passage below and summarize it using one sentence. Type your response in the box at the bottom of the screen. You have 10 minutes to finish this task. Your response will be judged on the quality of your writing and on how well your response presents the key points in the passage.
Hurricanes are one of nature’s most powerful storms. These tropical cyclones are warm-core, low-pressure systems that develop over subtropical waters with an organized circulation. Hurricanes are driven by easterly winds south of 25° north latitude and high-level westerly winds north of it.
The warm tropical ocean and moist atmosphere are the perfect combination to create these powerful storms. While their winds are renowned for their strength and destruction, the real danger comes from the storm surge they produce. This surge is caused by the swirling winds pushing water towards the shore. With much of the United States densely populated coastlines situated less than 10 feet above sea level, the threat from storm surges is immense. It’s essential to respect the power of hurricanes and take necessary precautions when they occur to ensure the safety of ourselves, our property, and our communities.
Hurricanes are powerful storms that develop over warm tropical waters and can cause devastating damage through their high winds and storm surges, making it essential to take necessary precautions to ensure safety.
Summarize Written Text Questions 43
Read the passage below and summarize it using one sentence. Type your response in the box at the bottom of the screen. You have 10 minutes to finish this task. Your response will be judged on the quality of your writing and on how well your response presents the key points in the passage.
As a car owner, you may be concerned about your vehicle’s environmental impact. Transportation is responsible for approximately 25% of all greenhouse gas emissions, most of which are attributed to road transport. This has prompted research into alternative solutions that can help reduce the impact of vehicles on the environment, such as using ethanol as a fuel source.
Ethanol is a renewable fuel compatible with most cars and particular trucks, and its use can increase vehicle efficiency. This not only helps reduce a vehicle’s carbon footprint but also enables car owners to save money on fuel costs. In addition to its potential to boost engine efficiency, ethanol has the added benefit of reducing harmful emissions and pollutants contributing to climate change.
An essential aspect of ethanol as a fuel source is that it does not require significant infrastructure investment to deliver results. This is due to its ability to be integrated easily into existing fuel supply chains, making it a convenient option for car owners.
Finally, using ethanol as a fuel source has positive environmental implications. This makes ethanol a more sustainable and environmentally-friendly fuel option.
Ethanol is a renewable fuel source that can help increase vehicle efficiency and reduce harmful emissions while being compatible with existing fuel supply chains and providing cost savings to car owners, making it a sustainable and convenient option.
Summarize Written Text Questions 43
Read the passage below and summarize it using one sentence. Type your response in the box at the bottom of the screen. You have 10 minutes to finish this task. Your response will be judged on the quality of your writing and on how well your response presents the key points in the passage.
The International Conference on Literacy and Skills Development is an important event that brings together people from around the world to address the issue of illiteracy. At present, there are over 750 million people globally who lack basic literacy skills, and two-thirds of them are women. The situation is further compounded by the fact that 102 million of these individuals are young people between the ages of 15 to 24. The impact of this lack of literacy skills is far-reaching, with many individuals unable to secure good employment or lead a fulfilling life.
The International Literacy Day serves as a reminder of the urgent need to address the issue of illiteracy. The event aims to identify effective and comprehensive approaches to literacy learning and skills development that will prepare individuals for lifelong learning, improve their lives and livelihoods, and help bridge the literacy gap. At the conference, stakeholders and decision-makers come together to discuss how integrated approaches to literacy and skills development can help close the literacy gap and improve learners’ ability to meet the needs of today’s increasingly globalized and digitized employment market. The focus is on finding practical solutions to the challenges faced by individuals who lack foundational skills, including literacy, and are failing to meet the skill demands of the rapidly changing labor market.
The International Conference on Literacy and Skills Development brings together people to find ways to help the millions of individuals worldwide who lack basic literacy skills to get better education and employment opportunities.
Summarize Written Text Questions 44
Read the passage below and summarize it using one sentence. Type your response in the box at the bottom of the screen. You have 10 minutes to finish this task. Your response will be judged on the quality of your writing and on how well your response presents the key points in the passage.
This year’s Nobel Peace Prize justly rewards the thousands of scientists of the United Nations Climate Change Panel (the IPCC). These scientists are engaged in excellent, painstaking work that establishes exactly what the world should expect from climate change.
The other award winner, former US Vice President Al Gore, has spent much more time telling us what to fear. While the IPCC’s estimates and conclusions are grounded in careful study, Gore doesn’t seem to be similarly restrained.
Gore told the world in his Academy Award-winning movie (recently labeled “one-sided” and containing “scientific errors” by a British judge) to expect 20-foot sea-level rises over this century. He ignores the findings of his Nobel co-winners, the IPCC, who conclude that sea levels will rise between only a half-foot and two feet over this century, with their best expectation being about one foot. That’s similar to what the world experienced over the past 150 years.
Likewise, Gore agonizes over the accelerated melting of ice in Greenland and what it means for the planet, but overlooks the IPCC’s conclusion that, if sustained, the current rate of melting would add just three inches to the sea level rise by the end of the century. Gore also takes no notice of research showing that Greenland’s temperatures were higher in 1941 than they are today.
Gore also frets about the future of polar bears. He claims they are drowning as their icy habitat disappears. However, the only scientific study showing any such thing indicates that four polar bears drowned because of a storm.
The politician-turned-movie maker loses sleep over a predicted rise in heat-related deaths. There’s another side of the story that’s inconvenient to mention: rising temperatures will reduce the number of cold spells, which are a much bigger killer than heat. The best study shows that by 2050, heat will claim 400,000 more lives, but 1.8 million fewer will die because of cold. Indeed, according to the first complete survey of the economic effects of climate change for the world, global warming will actually save lives.
Being the co-winner of Nobel Peace Prize, Al Gore exaggerated his findings about climate change and overstated sea rise although evidences strongly point towards the opposite direction in favour of IPCC, who concluded from thorough analysis that global warming will not trigger substantial sea level rise and actually save lives.
Summarize Written Text Questions 45
Read the passage below and summarize it using one sentence. Type your response in the box at the bottom of the screen. You have 10 minutes to finish this task. Your response will be judged on the quality of your writing and on how well your response presents the key points in the passage.
Take a Nap, Protect Your Heart? people who took naps at least three times a week for average of at least 30 minutes were 37% less likely to die of heart disease than people who did not take regular naps Large Greek Study Suggests Midday Siestas Cut Heart Deaths Naps aren’t generally included in the litany of good-for-your-heart lifestyle choices recommended for lowering cardiovascular risk, but they may soon be. New research suggests a midday siesta may reduce a person’s risk of death from heart disease possibly by lowering stress levels. The findings must be confirmed, but Dimitrios Trichopoulos, MD, a study author, tells WebMD there is little downside to taking naps and there could be big health benefits. The siesta is a victim of progress. Most of us aren’t in the position to take a daily nap, he says. But our research suggests that the practice could help protect the heart, and we need further studies to find out if this really is the case.” Part of the Culture: Trichopoulos says the research stemmed from the observation that heart disease death rates are lower in Mediterranean and Latin American countries where midday siestas are part of the culture. His own earlier research in a Greek population provided weak evidence in favor of the nap hypothesis, but another, larger study, conducted in Costa Rica failed to show an association. The newly published Greek study by Trichopoulos and colleagues from the Harvard School of Public Health in Boston, and Greece’s University of Athens Medical School is the largest ever to examine the issue in a previously healthy population. A total of 23,681 residents of Greece with no history of heart disease, stroke, or cancer at enrollment were followed an average of 6.3 years.
A new study done by a Greek research group on a total number of 23,681 participants has found that regular naps in the afternoon for three times a week can positively reduce the risk of heart diseases by 37%, possibly due to the fact that it can reduce the stress levels.
Summarize Written Text Questions 46
Read the passage below and summarize it using one sentence. Type your response in the box at the bottom of the screen. You have 10 minutes to finish this task. Your response will be judged on the quality of your writing and on how well your response presents the key points in the passage.
Males do the singing and females do the listening. This has been the established, even cherished view of courtship in birds, but now some ornithologists are changing tune. Laszlo Garamszegi of the University of Antwerp, Belgium, and colleagues studied the literature on 233 European songbird species. Of the 109 for which information on females was available, they found evidence for singing in 101 species. In only eight species could the team conclude that females did not sing. Females that sing have been overlooked, the team say, because either their songs are quiet, they are mistaken for males from their similar plumage or they live in less well-studied areas such as the tropics (Behavioral Ecology, DOI: 10.1093/arlo47). Garamszegi blames Charles Darwin for the oversight. “He emphasized the importance of male sexual display, and this is what everyone has been looking at.” The findings go beyond modern species. After carefully tracing back an evolutionary family tree for their songbirds, Garamszegi’s team discovered that, in at least two bird families, singing evolved in females first. They suggest these ancient females may have been using their songs to deter other females from their territories, to coordinate breeding activities with males, or possibly to attract mates.
Despite the misconception that was initially put forth by Charles Darwin that highlighted the importance of singing in male birds for courtship purposes, a team of researchers from University of Antwerp discovered that most of the females in family trees for songbirds actually sang songs possibly to attract mates or defend their territories.
Summarize Written Text Questions 48
Read the passage below and summarize it using one sentence. Type your response in the box at the bottom of the screen. You have 10 minutes to finish this task. Your response will be judged on the quality of your writing and on how well your response presents the key points in the passage.
Take a Nap, Protect Your Heart? people who took naps at least three times a week for average of at least 30 minutes were 37% less likely to die of heart disease than people who did not take regular naps Large Greek Study Suggests Midday Siestas Cut Heart Deaths Naps aren’t generally included in the litany of good-for-your-heart lifestyle choices recommended for lowering cardiovascular risk, but they may soon be. New research suggests a midday siesta may reduce a person’s risk of death from heart disease possibly by lowering stress levels. The findings must be confirmed, but Dimitrios Trichopoulos, MD, a study author, tells WebMD there is little downside to taking naps and there could be big health benefits. The siesta is a victim of progress. Most of us aren’t in the position to take a daily nap, he says. But our research suggests that the practice could help protect the heart, and we need further studies to find out if this really is the case.” Part of the Culture: Trichopoulos says the research stemmed from the observation that heart disease death rates are lower in Mediterranean and Latin American countries where midday siestas are part of the culture. His own earlier research in a Greek population provided weak evidence in favor of the nap hypothesis, but another, larger study, conducted in Costa Rica failed to show an association. The newly published Greek study by Trichopoulos and colleagues from the Harvard School of Public Health in Boston, and Greece’s University of Athens Medical School is the largest ever to examine the issue in a previously healthy population. A total of 23,681 residents of Greece with no history of heart disease, stroke, or cancer at enrollment were followed an average of 6.3 years.
A new study done by a Greek research group on a total number of 23,681 participants has found that regular naps in the afternoon for three times a week can positively reduce the risk of heart diseases by 37%, possibly due to the fact that it can reduce the stress levels.
Summarize Written Text Questions 49
Read the passage below and summarize it using one sentence. Type your response in the box at the bottom of the screen. You have 10 minutes to finish this task. Your response will be judged on the quality of your writing and on how well your response presents the key points in the passage.
Artificial intelligence (AI) is revolutionizing industries worldwide, offering innovative solutions that improve efficiency, accuracy, and productivity. From healthcare to transportation, AI systems are streamlining operations, diagnosing diseases, and enabling autonomous vehicles. However, this rapid advancement raises ethical concerns, including data privacy, job displacement, and potential misuse of AI technologies. Experts emphasize the importance of establishing ethical guidelines and regulatory frameworks to ensure AI development aligns with societal values while maximizing its potential benefits. As governments, corporations, and academic institutions continue to invest in AI research, striking a balance between innovation and ethical responsibility will determine the future of AI’s integration into everyday life.
Artificial intelligence is transforming industries by enhancing efficiency and innovation, but its rapid advancement necessitates ethical guidelines and regulatory frameworks to address concerns such as data privacy, job displacement, and misuse, ensuring its benefits align with societal values.
Summarize Written Text Questions 50
Read the passage below and summarize it using one sentence. Type your response in the box at the bottom of the screen. You have 10 minutes to finish this task. Your response will be judged on the quality of your writing and on how well your response presents the key points in the passage.
The concept of globalization has significantly reshaped the economic, social, and cultural dynamics of the modern world, fostering interconnectedness among nations through trade, technology, and communication. This phenomenon has enabled the rapid exchange of ideas, goods, and services, leading to economic growth and cultural exchange. However, it has also widened the gap between developed and developing countries, exacerbating inequality and creating challenges such as environmental degradation and the erosion of cultural identities. Critics argue that multinational corporations often exploit resources and labor in less developed nations, prioritizing profit over sustainability and ethical considerations. Proponents, on the other hand, highlight globalization’s role in poverty reduction, technological advancements, and fostering international cooperation to address global challenges. Ultimately, while globalization offers immense opportunities, it requires balanced policies to ensure equitable benefits for all nations and mitigate its adverse effects.
Globalization has reshaped global dynamics by fostering economic growth, cultural exchange, and international cooperation, but it also exacerbates inequality, environmental challenges, and cultural erosion, requiring balanced policies to ensure equitable and sustainable benefits.
