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1. An independent clause is a group of words that has it’s own subject & verb and can stand by itself. For example: It rained last night.
2. A dependent clause is a group of words that has it’s own subject & verb but can’t stand by itself. For example: When It rained last night.
Simple Sentence
A sentence which has 1 clause.
Example:
•I teach English.
•I am a teacher.
•I specialise in teaching IELTS.
It has 2 clauses (1 main clause + 1 dependent clause)
Example – I am a teacher who specializes in teaching IELTS.
Clause 1 – I am a teacher (Complete, main clause) + who (Sub-ordinating Conjunction)
Clause 2 – specializes in teaching IELTS (Incomplete)
It has 2 clauses (Both independent)
Example – I am qualified to teach both Math and English, but I prefer
teaching English.
Clause 1 – I am qualified to teach both Math and English (Complete)
+ but (Coordinating Conjunction)
Clause 2 – I prefer teaching English. (Complete)
My name is Deeksha.
+ I am from Delhi.
+ I used to live in England.
My name is Deeksha and I am from Delhi, but I used to live in England.
Example – The examiner asks “Have you ever flown first class?”
1. I have never flown first class.
2. First class is very expensive.
3. It is luxurious.
Although it is luxurious, first class is very expensive; I have never flown first class.
Used to combine clauses or other parts of speech. There are 3 types of conjunctions:
• Coordinating Conjunctions
• Subordinating Conjunction
• Correlative Conjunction
How do join 2 clauses?
1. Relative Clauses
You can use relative clauses to give essential or extra information about a Noun (person, place,
or thing) by using relative pronouns, who, which, and that.
Example –
1. He is the kind of person who is always friendly.
2. Air pollution can cause health problems. Air pollution is largely caused by motor vehicles.
➸ Air pollution, which is mostly caused by motor vehicles, can cause health problems.
3. There is evidence that some people are more likely to smoke. These people have parents and friends who smoke.
➸ There is evidence that people who have parents and friends who smoke are more likely to smoke.
2. Conditional Clauses
Also known as ‘If clauses’, they are used to express that the action in the main clause can
only take place if a certain condition is met.
Example
1.I will be really happy, if I pass the IELTS test.
2. If the cost of organic food proves to be expensive for most people, they will simply not buy it.
3.Use Subordinating Conjunctions
Example – since, after, as, because, while, until, even though, although, when, if,…
which add more information to our main idea.
Example:
1)Allen went to the teacher’s office because he wanted to find out the answer.
2) Even though you can’t always control your time, it will help you to set priorities and a daily
routine.
4)Use Co-ordinating Conjunctions
Compound Sentences
Compound sentences consist of two independent clauses linked together with a co-ordinating conjunction such as FANBOYS (For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So)
Examples:
1)She joined Leap Scholar, and she did really well on her IELTS test.
2)Solar panels should be subsidised by the government, for they can tackle
the problem of climate change.
5.Use Correlative Conjunctions
Pair conjunctions – must be used in correct order
1. Whether/or
2. Both/and
3. Not only/but also
4. If/then
5. Either/or
6. Neither/nor
Use leading to/causing/ resulting in.
• Without coordinated measures from national and global organisations, the environment will continue to deteriorate,
leading to a more unstable world for us all.
• While X may be positive in some respects, we should also consider its negative aspects, namely A,B and C.
• We face a number of challenges in this field, ranging from A to B and even, in the long term, C.
• We should not only do X, but also consider doing Y as well.
• Although it may be useful to do X, this would result in Y, causing….
• Foremost among these other challenges appears to be the question of overpopulation, by which I mean the growth of human members beyond the ability of the human race to support itself.
Simple sentence – We play football.
Compound (FANBOYS) – We play football, and we play rugby. Complex – We play football when we’re not busy at school.
Compound – Complex- We play football if it’s sunny, and
sometimes we play tennis.
Fill in the gaps with the words below.
although despite finally firstly however in spite of secondly to sum up
We discovered that, 1) __ the literature available on the risks and benefits of fish consumption, there are still important gaps in this information. 2) these gaps, 3) _,decisions about how to advise people on fish consumption should be made based on what we know now. 4) _ , in terms of heart disease, it has been shown that consuming even small quantities of fish can lower your risk of heart disease by 17%. 5) , consuming fish is known to have a beneficial effect on brain development. 6) , 7)_ exposure to mercury through eating fish can have a negative effect on IQ levels, the effects that have been observed are relatively small. 8) , it would seem that the health benefits of eating fish outweigh the risks.
