Q. What is an auxiliary verb?
• An auxiliary verb is also called a helping verb.
• A verb used in forming the tenses, moods, and voices of other verbs
• It comes before some verbs.

“The auxiliary verbs of English are the following:
Modals – can, could, may, might, will, would, shall, should, must, ought, need
Non-modals – am, is, was, were, be, has, have, had, do

Examples:
To do – do, does, did
• I do work diligently.
• Johnny does not steal the chocolates.
• They did win the last championship.
To have – has, have, had
• I have eaten all of my food.
• John had cycled out of the town in the scorching heat.
To be – am, is, are, was ,were ,been ,being
• Kylie is singing at Wembley stadium.
• I was beaten by a better player

Modal is always the first word in the verb group. It comes before the auxiliaries ‘be’ and ‘have’.
E.g.:
• She might be going to Switzerland for Christmas.
• I would have liked to see her.
• Sam may not be able to attempt this test.
• Lisa could have achieved a higher score if she had prepared well.

Practise Time
Complete the blanks with the verbs in brackets at the end of the sentences in Past Simple Tense.
1.There some milk in the cup. (be)
2.She her son with her yesterday. (have)
3.I to come early to my office last week. (Can)
4.The sales representatives a meeting last Wednesday. (have)
5.Where was he last night? I believe he at the theatre. (be)
6.They both sick last week. (be)
7.We talk after the lesson. (can)
8.The weather rather good last month. (be)
9.She bring you this book yesterday. (cannot)
10.They late to school yesterday. (be)

Modal verbs are a type of auxiliary verb
which expresses the mood of another verb.
They are used to express –
• Ability
• Permission
• Obligation
• Deduction
• Prediction
• Speculation
• Possibility
• Necessity
• Prohibition

Examples of Modal Verbs

Will / Shall / Would

Will

• Giving information about the future
• When we’re ready or open to doing something
• Rules or orders

Shall

• to make offers/ promises using I/we
• to make suggestions using I/we
• to express formal obligations

Would

• expectations in the past
• Habits in the past

Let’s compare “Will/ Shall, Would”
• We’ll head home after work.
• Sure, I’ll have a cup of coffee. Thanks!
• Guests shall not remove anything from the rooms.
• Students will remain on campus during school hours.
• I shall never forget the help you gave me.
• The sky was getting cloudy, which meant it
would rain.
• When we lived in the mountains, we would
go hiking all the time

When we talk about a possibility, we use ‘can’ or ‘could’, but they are different in meaning.
Can
• To express a possibility (in general)
• To offer to do something for others
• To ask for or give permission / To request something

Could
• To express past ability.
• Polite word used to ask for permission or to request something (in the present)
• Couldn’t: Sure that something is untrue

Let’s Compare “Can/Could”
• It can be dangerous to cycle in the city.
• I know you can win the competition.

• Could you pass me the salt, please?
• He couldn’t have painted that. He has no artistic ability at all.

Should

• Expresses advisability, a suggestion.
• “It is advisable to…” or “This is a suggestion… “
• Should is weaker than a must.

Must
• Express a stronger point of view.
• “We need to…” “We have to…”
• The modal must also express an opinion, one person’s point of view.

Let’s compare Should/Must

• People should protect the
• Engineers must redesign engines so that they are more fuel-efficient.

Both may & might are used to express the possibility of some future action; might is more tentative than may.
May
• Is used to express what is possible, factual, or could be factual.
• Is used to ask permission in a more formal way than ‘can’.

Might
• Is used to express what is hypothetical, counterfactual, or remotely possible.
• Is also used as a past tense of “may”

Let’s compare “May/ Might”
• The weather may/might be better tomorrow.
• Craig may/might know his results soon.
• We may/might go to the cinema tonight.
• You may go the wedding reception if there is a cash bar
• You might go to the wedding reception if there is an open bar (and you will not have to pay for your drinks).

• Show a relationship in space or time
• A logical relationship between two or more people, places or
• Prepositions are commonly followed by a noun phrase or pronoun
• There are over 100 prepositions in

The last time I saw him he was walking down the road.
I’ll meet you in the cafe opposite the cinema. It was difficult to sleep during the flight.
It was the worst storm since the 1980s. Give that to me.

Common prepositions that show relationships of space often have abstract as well as concrete meanings.
Compare

• That map you need is behind the filing (basic spatial sense or position)
• Everyone is behind the (behind = gives support)
• Beyond the hotel were beautiful (basic spatial sense or position)
• Learning Chinese in a year was beyond them (beyond = too difficult for them)

ON
…the 22nd of June
…Wednesday
…Sunday evening(s)
…Monday afternoon
…Thursday morning
…Valentine’s Day
…Christmas Day
…New Year’s Eve
…Good Friday
…Easter Sunday
…the 1st school day
…my birthday
…my wedding day
…time (punctual)

AT
…the moment
…dinnertime
…teatime
…bedtime
…carnival
…Halloween
…Christmas
…the weekend
…9 o’clock / 9:00 a.m.
…half past seven
…twenty to four
…noon
…midnight
…night
…the beginning
…the end (of the day)
…sunset
…moonrise

IN
…February
…1963
…the eighties / 80s
…the late / early 1940s
…10 minutes
…an hour
…5 weeks
…3 months
…the morning
…the evening
…the afternoon
…the meantime
…a while
…a couple of days
…a few seconds
…a fortnight
…(the) winter
…the next century
…the mid-16th century
…time (before due time)

Complete with: about, by, from, in, on, round, through, to, with.
1.My dream is to travel ……… the world.
2.How would you go? plane?
3.No. ……… boat and foot.
4.The traffic in the city was so heavy. It took us two hours to drive it.
5………. Manchester we took the plane London.
6.She doesn’t ́t seem very happy. ……… fact she looks quite depressed.
7.When the film finished, we all had tears ……… our eyes.
8.That novel is’nt ……… Henry James. It ́s him.
9. ……… time ……… time he worries ……… his future.
10. The man ……… blue jeans was ……… love ……… the girl glasses.