PTE Professionals → PTE Writing Summarize Written Text

In the writing summarize written text section of the PTE you will need to read a piece of information that is given to you. Then, you will need to summarize what you have read. Keep in mind that the summary needs to explain to someone who doesn’t have the original information what was written.

Some tips for PTE Writing Summarize Written Text questions.

Read the passage below and summarize it using one sentence. Type your response in the box at the bottom of the screen. You have 10 minutes to finish this task. Your response will be judged on the quality of your writing and on how well your response presents the key points in the passage.

Write out bullet points for each paragraph to start.
Summarize your bullet points into a single sentence.
Write an answer that is at least 35 words but no more than 50 words.
Don’t miss basic grammar (capital letters, period, etc.)
Do not include information that is not in the text.
Write in the third person.
Look for information in the final paragraph.
Don’t skip any important information.
Use transition words like ‘however, but, or.’
Write everything in one sentence.
Use words that you know well.
Follow the scoring guidelines when writing and practicing.

Summarize Written Text Questions 1

Read the passage below and summarize it using one sentence. Type your response in the box at the bottom of the screen. You have 10 minutes to finish this task. Your response will be judged on the quality of your writing and on how well your response presents the key points in the passage.

San, people of southern Africa, consisting of several groups and numbering over 85,000 in all. They are generally short in stature; their skin is yellowish brown in color; and they feature prominent cheekbones. The San have been called Bushmen by whites in South Africa, but the term is now considered derogatory. Although many now work for white settlers, about half are still nomadic hunters and gatherers of wild food in desolate areas like the Kalahari semi-desert, which streches between todays Nation States of Botswana, Namibia and South Africa. Their social unit is the small hunting band; larger organizations are loose and temporary. Grashuts, caves and rock shelters are used as dwellings. They possess only what they can carry, using poisoned arrowheads to fell game and transporting water in ostrich-egg shells. The San have a rich folklore, are skilled in drawing, and have a remarkably complex language characterized by the use of click sounds, related to that of the Khoikhoi . For thousands of years the San lived in southern and central Africa, but by the time of the Portuguese arrival in the 15th cent., they had already been forced into the interior of southern Africa. In the 18th and 19th cent., they resisted the encroachment on their lands of Dutch settlers, but by 1862 that resistance had been crushed.

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Several of San, short Southern African people with yellowish brown skin color and prominent cheekbones, still live in small hunting units, following a primitive way of life in interior of southern Africa, having been pushed there by the Portugese.

Summarize Written Text Questions 2

Read the passage below and summarize it using one sentence. Type your response in the box at the bottom of the screen. You have 10 minutes to finish this task. Your response will be judged on the quality of your writing and on how well your response presents the key points in the passage.

Consider the current situation: Like their counterparts in the United States, engineers and technicians in India have the capacity to provide both computer programming and innovative new technologies. Indian programmers and high-tech engineers earn one- quarter of what their counterparts earn in the United States. Consequently, India is able to do both jobs at a lower dollar cost than the United States: India has an absolute advantage in both. In other words, it can produce a unit of programming for fewer dollars than the United States, and it can also produce a unit of technology innovation for fewer dollars. Does that mean that the United States will lose not only programming jobs but innovative technology jobs, too? Does that mean that our standard of living will fall if the United States and India engage in international trade?

David Ricardo would have answered no to both questions—as we do today. While India may have an absolute advantage in both activities, that fact is irrelevant in determining what India or the United States will produce. India has a comparative advantage in doing programming in part because such activity requires little physical capital. The flip side is that the United States has a comparative advantage in technology innovation partly because it is relatively easy to obtain capital in this country to undertake such long-run projects. The result is that Indian programmers will do more and more of what U.S. programmers have been doing in the past. In contrast, American firms will shift to more and more innovation. The United States will specialize in technology innovation; India will specialize in programming. The business man-agers in each country will opt to specialize in activities in which they have a comparative advantage. As in the past, the U.S. economy will continue to concentrate on what are called the “most best” activities.

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What a country will engage in international trade depends on its comparative advantage, so India will do more computer programming due to its comparative disadvantage of obtaining physical capital while the United State will engage in capital-intensive technology innovation, though India can do both at lower costs.

Summarize Written Text Questions 3

Read the passage below and summarize it using one sentence. Type your response in the box at the bottom of the screen. You have 10 minutes to finish this task. Your response will be judged on the quality of your writing and on how well your response presents the key points in the passage.

Jobs generated by Travel & Tourism are spread across the economy – in retail, construction, manufacturing and telecommunications, as well as directly in Travel & Tourism companies. These jobs employ a large proportion of women, minorities and young people; are predominantly in small and medium sized companies; and offer good training and transferability. Tourism can also be one of the most effective drivers for the development of regional economies. These patterns apply to both developed and emerging economies.

There are numerous good examples of where Travel & Tourism is acting as a catalyst for the conservation and improvement of the environment and maintenance of local diversity and culture. Travel & Tourism creates jobs and wealth and has tremendous potential to contribute to economically, environmentally, and socially sustainable development in both developed countries and emerging nations. It has a comparative advantage in that its start-up and running costs can be low compared to many other forms of industry development. It is also often one of the few realistic options for development in many areas. Therefore, there is a strong likelihood that the Travel & Tourism industry will continue to grow globally over the short to medium term.

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Travel and tourism industry improves the development of regional economies and maintenance of the environment and culture and will continue to grow in the short to medium term because of its comparatively low starting and running costs.

Summarize Written Text Questions 4

Read the passage below and summarize it using one sentence. Type your response in the box at the bottom of the screen. You have 10 minutes to finish this task. Your response will be judged on the quality of your writing and on how well your response presents the key points in the passage.

The history of marketers seeking the advice of physicists is a short one, but an understanding of the Theory of Resonance may give communications experts the edge. Resonance Theory explains the curious phenomenon of how very small pebbles dropped

into a pond can create bigger waves than a large brick. The brick makes a decent splash but its ripples peter out quickly. A tiny pebble dropped into the same pond, followed by another, then another, then another, all timed carefully, will create ripples that build into small waves.

As Dr Carlo Contaldi, a physicist at Imperial College London, explains, a small amount of energy committed at just the right intervals – the ‘natural frequency’ – creates a cumulatively large effect.

Media consultant Paul Bay believes that just as with pebbles in a pond, a carefully choreographed and meticulously timed stream of communication will have a more lasting effect than a sporadic big splash during prime-time TV breaks.

Innocent is testament to the power of pebbles. Until last year, the maker of smoothies had never advertised on TV, instead drip-feeding the market with endless ingenious marketing ploys – from annotating its drinks labels with quirky messages to hosting its own music festival, Fruitstock. The company sent a constant stream of messages rather than communicating through the occasional big and expensive noise.

So whether you’re trying to make waves in the laboratory or in the media, the people in white coats would advise a little and often. A big budget is not the prerequisite of success.

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Resonance theory, which explains that very small pebbles dropped into a pond can create bigger waves than a single large brick, can also be applied to media such that a carefully choreographed and timed stream of communication will create a more cumulative and lasting effect than a big occasional propaganda.

Summarize Written Text Questions 5

Read the passage below and summarize it using one sentence. Type your response in the box at the bottom of the screen. You have 10 minutes to finish this task. Your response will be judged on the quality of your writing and on how well your response presents the key points in the passage.

Spurred by the sense that disorderly behaviour among students in South Euclid was increasing, the school resource officer (SRO) reviewed data regarding referrals to the principal’s office. He found that the high school reported thousands of referrals a year for bullying and that the junior high school had recently experienced a 30 percent increase in bullying referrals. Police data showed that juvenile complaints about disturbances, bullying, and assaults after school hours had increased 90 percent in the past 10 years.

A researcher from Kent State University (Ohio) conducted a survey of all students attending the junior high and high school. Interviews and focus groups were conducted with students—identified as victims or offenders— teachers, and guidance counsellors. Finally, the South Euclid Police Department purchased a Geographic Information System to conduct crime incident mapping of hotspots within the schools. The main findings pointed to four primary areas of concern: the environmental design of the school; teacher knowledge of and response to the problem; parental attitudes and responses; and student perspectives and behaviours.

The SRO worked in close collaboration with a social worker and the university researcher. They coordinated a Response Planning Team comprising many stakeholders that was intended to respond to each of the areas identified in the initial analysis. Environmental changes included modifying the school schedule and increasing teacher supervision of hotspots. Counsellors and social workers conducted teacher training courses in conflict resolution and bullying prevention. Parent education included mailings with information about bullying, an explanation of the new school policy, and a discussion about what could be done at home to address the problems. Finally, student education included classroom discussions between homeroom teachers and students, as well as assemblies conducted by the SRO. The SRO also opened a substation next to a primary hotspot. The Ohio Department of Education contributed by opening a new training centre to provide a non-traditional setting for specialized help.

The results from the various responses were dramatic. School suspensions decreased 40 percent. Bullying incidents dropped 60 percent in the hallways and 80 percent in the gym area. Follow-up surveys indicated that there were positive attitudinal changes among students about bullying and that more students felt confident that teachers would take action when a problem arose. Teachers indicated that training sessions were helpful and that they were more likely to talk about bullying as a serious issue. Parents responded positively, asking for more information about the problem in future mailings. The overall results suggest that the school environments were not only safer, but that early intervention was helping at-risk students succeed in school.

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After careful research and study, the School Resource Officer coordinated a Response Planning Team to respond to incidents of bullying and disorderly behavior in schools, which resulted in a sharp decrease in such incidents.

Summarize Written Text Questions 6

Read the passage below and summarize it using one sentence. Type your response in the box at the bottom of the screen. You have 10 minutes to finish this task. Your response will be judged on the quality of your writing and on how well your response presents the key points in the passage.

Some of this panic is overdone—and linked to the business cycle: there was much ado about “a war for talent” in America in the 1990s, until the dotcom bubble burst. People often talk about shortages when they should really be discussing price. Eventually, supply will rise to meet demand and the market will adjust. But, while you wait, your firm might go bust. For the evidence is that the talent shortage is likely to get worse.

Nobody really disputes the idea that the demand for talent-intensive skills is rising. The value of “intangible” assets—everything from skilled workers to patents to know-how—has ballooned from 20% of the value of companies in the S&P 500 to 70% today. The proportion of American workers doing jobs that call for complex skills has grown three times as fast as employment in general. As other economies move in the same direction, the global demand is rising quickly.

As for supply, the picture in much of the developed world is haunted by demography. By 2025 the number of people aged 15-64 is projected to fall by 7% in Germany, 9% in Italy and 14% in Japan. Even in still growing America, the imminent retirement of the baby-boomers means that companies will lose large numbers of experienced workers in a short space of time (by one count half the top people at America’s 500 leading companies will go in the next five years). Meanwhile, two things are making it much harder for companies to adjust.

The first is the collapse of loyalty. Companies happily chopped out layers of managers during the 1990s; now people are likely to repay them by moving to the highest bidder. The second is the mismatch between what schools are producing and what companies need. In most Western countries schools are churning out too few scientists and engineers—and far too many people who lack the skills to work in a modern economy (that’s why there are talent shortages at the top alongside structural unemployment for the low-skilled).

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Talent shortage is likely to get worse globally in the future because of an ageing population, the collapse of employee loyalty and the mismatch between what schools are producing and what companies need.

Summarize Written Text Questions 7

Read the passage below and summarize it using one sentence. Type your response in the box at the bottom of the screen. You have 10 minutes to finish this task. Your response will be judged on the quality of your writing and on how well your response presents the key points in the passage.

Marshmallow test

They call it the “marshmallow test.” A four- to six-year-old-child sits alone in a room at a table facing a marshmallow on a plate. The child is told: “If you don’t eat this treat for 15 minutes you can have both it and a second one.” Kids on average wait for five or six minutes before eating the marshmallow. The longer a child can resist the treat has been correlated with higher general competency later in life.

Now a study shows that ability to resist temptation isn’t strictly innate—it’s also highly influenced by environment.

Researchers gave five-year-olds used crayons and one sticker to decorate a sheet of paper. One group was promised a new set of art supplies for the project—but then never received it. But the other group did receive new crayons and better stickers.

Then both groups were given the marshmallow test. The children who had been lied to waited for a mean time of three minutes before eating the marshmallow. The group that got their promised materials resisted an average of 12 minutes.

Thus, the researchers note that experience factors into a child’s ability to delay gratification. When previous promises have been hollow, why believe the next one?

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A study shows that children’s ability to resist temptation is highly influenced by their environment, and the children who have a positive experience linked to waiting, can delay gratification longer compared to others.

Summarize Written Text Questions 8

Read the passage below and summarize it using one sentence. Type your response in the box at the bottom of the screen. You have 10 minutes to finish this task. Your response will be judged on the quality of your writing and on how well your response presents the key points in the passage.

Human remains are a fundamental part of the archaeological record, offering unique insights into the lives of individuals and populations in the past. Recently a new set of challenges to the study of human remains has emerged from a rather unexpected direction: the British government revised its interpretation of nineteenth-century burial legislation in a way that would drastically curtail the ability of archaeologists to study human remains of any age excavated in England and Wales. This paper examines these extraordinary events and the legal, political and ethical questions that they raise.

In April 2021 the British government announced that, henceforth, all human remains archaeologically excavated in England and Wales should be reburied after a two-year period of scientific analysis. Not only would internationally important prehistoric remains have to be returned to the ground, removing them from public view, but also there would no longer be any possibility of long-term scientific investigation as new techniques and methods emerged and developed in the future. Thus, while faunal remains, potsherds, artefacts and environmental samples could be analysed and re-analysed in future years, human remains were to be effectively removed from the curation process. Archaeologists and other scientists were also concerned that this might be the first step towards a policy of reburying all human remains held in museum collections in England and Wales including prehistoric, Roman, Saxon, Viking and Medieval as well as more recent remains.

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The British government’s decision to rebury all human remains after a period of two years, will negatively affect the work of archaeologists and make long-term scientific studies almost impossible.

Summarize Written Text Questions 9

Read the passage below and summarize it using one sentence. Type your response in the box at the bottom of the screen. You have 10 minutes to finish this task. Your response will be judged on the quality of your writing and on how well your response presents the key points in the passage.

Geothermal energy – Africa

What is the solution for nations with increasing energy demands, hindered by frequent power cuts and an inability to compete in the international oil market? For East Africa at least, experts think geothermal energy is the answer. More promising still, the Kenyan government and international investors seem to be listening. This is just in time according to many, as claims of an acute energy crisis are afoot due to high oil prices, population spikes and droughts.

Currently over 60% of Kenya’s power comes from hydroelectric sources but these are proving increasingly unreliable as the issue of seasonal variation is intensified by erratic rain patterns. Alternative energy sources are needed; and the leading energy supplier in Kenya, Kenya Electricity Generating Company (KenGen), hopes to expand its geothermal energy supply from 13% to 25 % of its total usage by 2021. The potential of geothermal energy in the region was first realised internationally by the United Nations Development Program, when geologists observed thermal anomalies below the East African Rift system. Locals have been utilising this resource for centuries; using steam vents to create the perfect humidity for greenhouses, or simply to enjoy a swim in the many natural hot lakes.

Along the 6000 km of the rift from the Red Sea to Mozambique, geochemical, geophysical and heat flow measurements were made to identify areas suitable for geothermal wells. One area lies next to the extinct Olkaria volcano, within the Hell’s Gate National Park, and sits over some of the thinnest continental crust on Earth. This is a result of the thinning of the crust by tectonic stretching, causing hotter material below the Earth’s surface to rise, resulting in higher temperatures. This thin crust was ideal for the drilling of geothermal wells, reaching depths of around 3000 m, where temperatures get up to 342°C, far higher than the usual temperature of 90°C at this depth. Water in the surrounding rocks is converted to steam by the heat. The steam can be used to drive turbines and produce electricity. Wells like those in Olkaria operate by pumping cold water down to permeable ‘geothermal reservoir’ rocks, causing steam to rise back up a nearby production well. Care must be taken with the rate at which cold water is added so as to not permanently cool the source rock.

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Geothermal energy will be used as an alternative electric source to meet increasing energy demands in East African countries made possible by the geological advantage owing to thermal anomalies below the East African Rift system.

Summarize Written Text Questions 10

Read the passage below and summarize it using one sentence. Type your response in the box at the bottom of the screen. You have 10 minutes to finish this task. Your response will be judged on the quality of your writing and on how well your response presents the key points in the passage.

Development of language

What is text/written language anyway? It’s an ancient IT for storing and retrieving information. We store information by writing it, and we retrieve it by reading it.

Six thousand to 10,000 years ago, many of our ancestors’ hunter-gatherer societies settled on the land and began what’s known as the agricultural revolution. That new land settlement led to private property and increased production and trade of goods, generating a huge new influx of information. Unable to keep all this information in their memories, our ancestors created systems of written records that evolved over millennia into today’s written languages.

But this ancient IT is already becoming obsolete. Text has run its historic course and it now rapidly getting replaced in every area of our lives by the ever-increasing array of emerging ITs driven by voice, video, and body movement rather than the written word. In my view, this is a positive step forward in the evolution of human technology, and it carries great potential for a total positive redesign of K-12 education.

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Written language, which is an ancient method of storing and retrieving information, is quickly getting replaced by modern information technologies, which involve more audio, visual or kinetic elements, and this can have a positive impact on K-12 education.

Summarize Written Text Questions 11

Read the passage below and summarize it using one sentence. Type your response in the box at the bottom of the screen. You have 10 minutes to finish this task. Your response will be judged on the quality of your writing and on how well your response presents the key points in the passage.

The English have the reputation of being a nation of tea drinkers, but this wasn’t always the case. By the end of the 17th century, the English were the biggest coffee drinkers in the Western world, and coffee houses became the places to be seen. For gossip also, one could pick up talk of the latest intellectual developments in the field of science, politics, and so on, in this age of scientific discovery and research. Coffee houses were very simple and basic at first; one can say a room with a bar at one corner and a few plain tables and chairs at the other end. Customers paid a penny for a bowl – not a cup – of coffee. At that time, it was thought that the customers didn’t use bad language just because of the presence of a polite young woman. An added attraction was that coffee houses provided free newspapers and journals.

But people didn’t go to the coffee houses just to drink coffee. They went to talk. Simple cafes were converted and developed into clubs, where one with a penny could go for a drink and a chat. Most of them started to go to coffee houses to find other people with the same job or of same interest to talk and conduct business.

The great popularity of coffee houses lasted about a 100 years. In the later 18th century, increased trade with other countries made such luxuries as coffee cheaper and more easily available to the ordinary person. As a result, people started to drink it at home. At that time more tea was imported from abroad. The domestic tea-party replaced the century of the coffee house as the typical English social occasion.

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Although the English are known as tea drinkers, in the 17th and 18th centuries, they went to coffee houses, not just to drink coffee but also have a chat about latest intellectual developments.

Summarize Written Text Questions 12

Read the passage below and summarize it using one sentence. Type your response in the box at the bottom of the screen. You have 10 minutes to finish this task. Your response will be judged on the quality of your writing and on how well your response presents the key points in the passage.

The system of Crop Intensification is a climate-smart, agro-ecological methodology for increasing the productivity of crops and more recently other crops by changing the management of plants, soil, water, and nutrients.

SCI methodology is based on four main principles that interact with each other. Early, quick and healthy plant establishment; Reduced plant density; Improved soil conditions through enrichment with organic matter; Reduced and controlled water application. Based on these principles, farmers can adapt recommended SCI practices to respond to their agro-ecological and socio-economic conditions. Adaptations are often undertaken to accommodate changing weather patterns, soil conditions, labor availability, water control, access to organic inputs, and the decision whether to practice fully organic agriculture or not. In addition, the SCI principles have been applied to feed rice and to other crops, such as wheat, sugarcane, pulses, showing increased productivity over current conventional planting practices.

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The System of Crop Intensification practice, a contemporary agro-ecological technique to strengthen the betterment of the plantation of crops like wheat, rice, pulses and so forth, over the traditional process, works on four principles basically by ameliorating and adjusting the soil cum farming conditions to achieve high yield.

Summarize Written Text Questions 13

Read the passage below and summarize it using one sentence. Type your response in the box at the bottom of the screen. You have 10 minutes to finish this task. Your response will be judged on the quality of your writing and on how well your response presents the key points in the passage.

Elderly people are growing healthier, happier and more independent, say American scientists. The results of a 14-year study to be announced later this month reveal that the diseases associated with old age are afflicting fewer and fewer people and when they do strike, it is much later in life.

Researchers, now analyzing the results of data gathered in 1994, say arthritis, high blood pressure and circulation problems-the major medical complaints in this age group-are troubling a smaller proportion every year. And the data confirms that the rate at which these diseases are declining continues to accelerate. Other diseases of old-age dementia, stroke, arteriosclerosis, and emphysema-are also troubling fewer and fewer people.

‘It really raises the question of what should be considered normal aging,’ says Kenneth Manton, a demographer from Duke University in North Carolina. He says that the problems doctors accepted as normal in a 65-year-old in 1982 are often not appearing until people are 70 or 75, clearly, certain diseases are beating a retreat in the face of medical advances. But there may be other contributing factors. Improvements in childhood nutrition in the first quarter of the twentieth century, for example, gave today’s elderly people better start in life than their predecessors.

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The ailments and principal medical complaints related to the well-being in the elder age are generally alleviating due to the factors like improved nutrition and advancements in the medical science, according to an American research; thus leading to the longevity.

Summarize Written Text Questions 14

Read the passage below and summarize it using one sentence. Type your response in the box at the bottom of the screen. You have 10 minutes to finish this task. Your response will be judged on the quality of your writing and on how well your response presents the key points in the passage.

Educational technology is defined by the Association for Educational Communications and Technology as “The study and ethical practice of facilitating learning and improving performance by creating, using, and managing appropriate technological processes and resources.” Educational technology refers to the use of both physical hardware and educational theoretic. It encompasses several domains, including learning theory, computer-based training, online learning, and, where mobile technologies are used, m-learning. Accordingly, there are several discrete aspects to describing the intellectual and technical development of educational technology.

* educational technology as the theory and practice of educational approaches to learning.
* educational technology as technological tools and media that assist in the communication of knowledge, and its development and exchange.
* educational technology for learning management systems (LMS), such as tools for student and curriculum management, and education management information systems (EMIS).
* educational technology itself as an educational subject; such courses may be called “Computer Studies” or “Information and communications technology (ICT)”.

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Educational technology spurs learning by advancing the overall academic and practical performance with the usage of computer-based models, e-learning, and some other domains like flexibility in communications of knowledge and management in access to information.

Summarize Written Text Questions 15

Read the passage below and summarize it using one sentence. Type your response in the box at the bottom of the screen. You have 10 minutes to finish this task. Your response will be judged on the quality of your writing and on how well your response presents the key points in the passage.

By far the most popular and most consumed drink in the world is water, but it may come as no surprise that second most popular beverage is tea. Although tea was originally grown only in certain parts of Asia in countries such China, Burma, and India – it is now a key export product in more than 50 countries around the globe. Countries that grow tea, however, need to have the right tropical climate, which includes up to 200 centimeters of rainfall per year to encourage fast growth and temperatures that range from ten to 35 degrees centigrade.

They also need to have quite specific geographical features, such as high altitudes to promote the flavor and taste of the tea, and land that can offer plenty of shade in the form of other trees and vegetation to keep the plants cool and fresh. Together these conditions contribute to the production of the wide range of high-quality teas that are in such huge demand among the world’s consumers. There is green tea, jasmine tea, earl tea, peppermint tea, tea to help you sleep, tea to promote healing and tea to relieve stress; but above all, tea is a social drink that seems to suit the palates and consumption habits of human general.

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Tea, the second most popular drink in the world is grown in over 50 countries but these countries have to have the right climate and geographical features in order to produce sufficient high-quality teas to meet the huge demand around the world.

Summarize Written Text Questions 16

Read the passage below and summarize it using one sentence. Type your response in the box at the bottom of the screen. You have 10 minutes to finish this task. Your response will be judged on the quality of your writing and on how well your response presents the key points in the passage.

Australia’s food system has grown and evolved over hundreds of years. It is a system that’s served Australians well and underpinned much of our economic prosperity. But it’s a system at risk. And nowhere is the threat larger or more real than in the domain of food fraud.

This is at a time when Australia should be laying the foundation’s for a food economy that can achieve even higher value in the minds and stomachs of the growing Asian middle-class Consumer.

We want to help Australian food to deliver on its promises in a way that survives beyond our borders and as close to the end consumption of the product as possible. Whatever the promise of the food is, be it organic Angus beef from the Hunter Valley, or native jarrah honey from Albany we want to help Australian food producers deliver on and capture the value of its promise.

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Australia’s food system which served the citizens and burgeoned the economic growth of the country has become the dilemma in food sector requires our assistance to accomplish its commitments and end utilization of the product effectively.

Summarize Written Text Questions 17

Read the passage below and summarize it using one sentence. Type your response in the box at the bottom of the screen. You have 10 minutes to finish this task. Your response will be judged on the quality of your writing and on how well your response presents the key points in the passage.

Under the present system of mass education by classes, too much stress is laid on teaching and too little on active learning. The child is not encouraged to discover on his own powers, thus losing intellectual independence and all capacity to judge for himself. The over-taught child is the advertising-believing propaganda-swallowing, demagogue-led man. Moreover, lessons in class leave him mainly unoccupied. He has to be coerced into learning what does not interest him and the information acquired mechanically is rapidly forgotten. Quite naturally, lessons in class keep him only superficially preoccupied, keeping the mind largely unoccupied of ideas. A strict external discipline becomes necessary unless there is to be chaos and pandemonium. The child learns to obey, not to control himself. He loses moral as well as intellectual independence.

Such are the main defects in the current system of mass education. Many others could be mentioned but these are defects of detail. We need a new system of universal education of the same kind as proved itself so successful in the training of detectives and infants, but modified so as to be suitable for older boys and girls. We need a system of individual education.

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The current mass education system stresses more on teaching and not on the child actively learning, and the lessons, unwillingly imposed on the child leads to his mind being unoccupied, consequently, the child loses his ability to think or judge for himself, and hence, it is necessary to come up with a new system of individual education, similar to the training of detectives or infants.

Summarize Written Text Questions 18

Read the passage below and summarize it using one sentence. Type your response in the box at the bottom of the screen. You have 10 minutes to finish this task. Your response will be judged on the quality of your writing and on how well your response presents the key points in the passage.

One of the major uses for VR in the customer experience journey is the ability to design spaces and experiences for customers virtually, and be able to test, refine and enhance these at a much lower cost and quicker turnaround than testing physical prototypes. Robbie Robertson, a lead partner in the Spatial and Brand Experience team says “In our ever-changing world the need to test, immerse and validate our ideas with our customers has become paramount. Using VR and AR we can provide a mixture of three core elements:
Engage: VR is an immersive technology that allows customers to experience a space and place before it is built. Persuade: we can test and train stakeholders in new work practices or process to ensure that they are adopted correctly.
Inform: visualizing a new idea or concept has always been a challenge for many clients. VR and AR allow us to inform them immediately as to the impact of our designs.”

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The use of VR in designing spaces and experiences allows them to engage consumers in the building process and train the stakeholders in new practices and help them visualize the new ideas and thus lowering the cost and turnaround time.

Summarize Written Text Questions 19

Read the passage below and summarize it using one sentence. Type your response in the box at the bottom of the screen. You have 10 minutes to finish this task. Your response will be judged on the quality of your writing and on how well your response presents the key points in the passage.

With all the discussions about protecting the earth and saving the planet, it is easy to forget that we also need to preserve the many species of fish that live in the oceans. In developed countries, much larger quantities of fish are consumed than was the case a century ago when fish only featured on the menu once a week. These days, fish has become a popular healthy alternative to meat and this has created a demand for species such as cod, mackerel, and tuna that far outstrips the demands of the previous generation. Throughout the world too, increasing consumption during the past 30 years has meant that the shallow parts of the ocean have been overfished in an effort to supply homes, shops, and restaurants with the quantities of fish that they require. Yet despite the sophisticated fishing techniques of today, catches are smaller than they were a century or more ago. What is more, boats are having to drop their nets much deeper into the oceans and the fish they are coming up with are smaller and weigh less than they used to. While government controls have had some effect on fish stocks, the future does not offer a promising picture. Experts predict large-scale extinctions and an irreversibly damaging effect on entire ecosystems unless greater efforts are made to conserve fish stocks and prevent overfishing in the world’s waters.

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The increasing demand for fish, particularly in developed countries and the rapidly declining fish stocks in the world’s oceans because of overfishing to meet demand should be of concern to governments, who need to do more to protect the earth and its ecosystems, and avoid unnecessary species extinction.

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Most sea creatures, from whales and dolphins to fish, sharks, shrimps and possibly even anemones respond to sound, and many can produce it. They use it to hunt and to hide, find mates and food, form and guide shoals, navigate ‘blind’, send messages and transmit warnings, establish territories, warm off competitors, stun prey, deceive predators, and sense changes in water and conditions. Marine animals click bones and grind teeth; use drum tight bladders and special sonic organs to chirp, grunt, and boom: belch gases; and vibrate special organs. Far from the ‘silent deep’, the oceans are a raucous Babel.

Into this age-long tumult, in the blink of an evolutionary eye, has entered a new thunder: the throb of mighty engines as 46,220 large vessels plough the world’s shipping lanes. Scientists say that background new noise in the ocean has increased roughly by 15 decibels in the past 50 years. It may not sound like much in overall terms, but it is enough, according to many marine biologists, to mask the normal sounds of ocean life going about its business. At its most intense, some even say noise causes wheels to become disoriented, dolphins to develop ‘the bends’, fish to go deaf, flee their breeding grounds or fail to form shoals – enough to disrupt the basic biology of two-thirds of the planet.

Undersea noise pollution is like the death of a thousand cuts, says Sylvia Earle, chief scientist of US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. ‘Each sound in itself may not be a matter of critical concern, but taken all together, the noise from shipping, seismic surveys, and military activity is creating a totally different environment than existed even 50 years ago. That high level of noise is bound to have a hard, sweeping impact on life in the sea.

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Many ocean creatures are dependent on underwater sound to live and breed, but in the last 50 years, noises made by human activity have increased background ocean noise levels by about 15 decibels, which may have a very negative and disruptive effect on sea life and may lead to extinction.

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It’ll Never Fly: The City Of London

Who would have thought back in 1698, as they downed their espressos, that the little band of stockbrokers from Jonathan’s Coffee House in Change Alley EC3 would be the founder- members of what would become the world’s mighty money capital?

Progress was not entirely smooth. The South Sea Bubble burst in 1720 and the coffee house exchanges burned down in 1748. As late as Big Bang in 1986, when bowler hats were finally hung up, you wouldn’t have bet the farm on London surpassing New York, Frankfurt, and Tokyo as Mammon’s international nexus. Yet the 325,000 souls who operate in the UK capital’s financial hub have now overtaken their New York rivals in the size of the funds managed (including offshore business); they hold 70% of the global secondary bond market and the City dominates foreign exchange trading. And its institutions paid out £9 billion in bonuses in December. The Square Mile has now spread both eastwards from EC3 to Canary Wharf and westwards into Mayfair, where many of the private-equity ‘locusts’ and their hedge-fund pals now hang out. For foreigners in finance, London is the place to be. It has no Sarbanes-Oxley and no euro to hold it back, yet the fact that it still flies so high is against the odds. London is one of the most expensive cities in the world to live in, transport systems groan and there’s an ever-present threat of terrorist attack. But, for the time being, the deals just keep on getting bigger.

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London has surpassed its rivals and has dominated global financial markets to become the world’s mighty money capital due to its judicial and currency advantages even though the expansion progress was not smooth.

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With an abundance of low-priced labour relative to the United States, it is no surprise that China, India and other developing countries specialize in the production of labour-intensive products. For similar reasons, the United States will specialize in the production of goods that are human- and physical-capital intensive because of the relative abundance

This division of global production should yield higher global output of both types of goods than would be the case if each country attempted to produce both of these goods itself. For example, the United States would produce more expensive labour-intensive goods because of its more expensive labour and the developing countries would produce more expensive human and physical capital-intensive goods because of their relative scarcity of these inputs. This logic implies that the United States is unlikely to be a significant global competitor in the production of green technologies that are not relatively intensive in human and physical capital.

Nevertheless, during the early stages of the development of a new technology, the United States has a comparative advantage in the production of the products enabled by this innovation. However, once these technologies become well-understood and production processes are designed that can make use of less-skilled labour, production will migrate to countries with less expensive labour.

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The United States has a comparative advantage in the production during early stages of the development of a new technology, but/however, once these technologies become well understood, production will migrate to countries with less expensive labour.

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Virgin Media is the first telecoms and media company in the UK to offer “quad play” to its customers, bundling ultra fast broadband, TV and fixed-line telephony alongside its existing mobile phone services. But with these expanding product lines comes increasing operational complexity. Historically, most of Virgin’s sales were made through calls to its contact centres, but as consumer preferences change, the company has recognised the need to move away from a culture that fostered competition between the different sales channels towards a unified approach.

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Change in consumer preferences drove Virgin Media to diversify from existing conventional telecom services to a unified approach such as the ultra-fast broadband ‘quad play’ which, in turn, has increased operational complexities.

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A bonus round, also known as a bonus game or an end game, usually follows a main game as a bonus to the winner of that game. In the bonus round, the stakes are higher and the game is considered to be tougher. The game play of a bonus round usually varies from the standard game play of the front game, although there are often borrowed or related elements of the main game in the bonus round in order to ensure the entire show has a unified premise. Though some end games are referred to as “bonus rounds”, many are not specifically referred to as such in games, though they fit the same general role.

There is no one formula for the format of a bonus round. There are differences in almost every bonus round, though there are many recurring elements from show to show. The bonus round is often played for the show’s top prize.

Until the 1960s, most game shows did not offer a bonus round. In traditional two-player formats, the winner – if a game show’s rules provided for this – became the champion and simply played a new challenger either on the next show or after the commercial break.

One of the earliest forms of bonus rounds was the Jackpot Round of the original series Beat the Clock. After two rounds of performing stunts, the wife of the contestant couple would perform at a jackpot board for a prize. The contestant was shown a famous quotation or common phrase, and the words were scrambled. To win the announced bonus, the contestant had to unscramble the words within 20 seconds. The contestant received a consolation gift worth over $200 if she was unsuccessful.

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Bonus round, which is a special high stake and more challenging round at the end of a game, with varying formats and a gameplay that can differ from that of the main game, became more common after 1960s with series such as Beat the Clock including a bonus Jackpot Round.

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Cheese sandwiches can be grilled so that the bread toasts and the cheese melts, a dish referred to as a grilled cheese sandwich, or simply grilled cheese. A slice of grilled cheese is often heated by placing the buttered slices of bread, with the cheese between the slices, on a frying pan or griddle.

Another form of cooked cheese sandwich is the cheese toastie or toastie, a dish particularly popular in the United Kingdom that is prepared by either baking or grilling a cheese sandwich in an oven, or toasting bag in an electric toaster, or using a pie iron in order to toast the bread and melt the cheese. Cheddar is the most common cheese used in a toastie. It is usually served as a snack, or as a usually lunchtime meal, in most cases with a side of salad.

Cooked bread and cheese is an ancient food according to food historians, popular across the world in many cultures. Evidence indicates that, in the U.S., the modern version of the grilled cheese sandwich originated in the 1920s when inexpensive sliced bread and American cheese became readily available. The cheese dream, an open-facedgrilled cheese sandwich, became popular in the U.S. during the Great Depression.

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Bonus round, which is a special high stake and more challenging round at the end of a game, with varying formats and a gameplay that can differ from that of the main game, became more common after 1960s with series such as Beat the Clock including a bonus Jackpot Round.

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India ranking remains low in gender equality measures by the World Economic Forum, although the rank has been improving in recent years. When broken down into components that contribute the rank, India performs well on political empowerment, but is scored near the bottom with China on sex selective abortion. India also scores poorly on overall female to male literacy and health rankings. India with a 2013 ranking of 101 out of 136 countries had an overall score of 0.6551, while Iceland, the nation that topped the list, had an overall score of 0.8731 (no gender gap would yield a score of 1.0). Gender inequalities impact India’s sex ratio, women’s health over their lifetimes, their educational attainment, and economic conditions. It is a multifaceted issue that concerns men and women alike.

The labor force participation rate of women was 80.7% in 2013. Nancy Lockwood of Society for Human Resource Management, the world’s largest human resources association with members in 140 countries, in a 2009 report wrote that female labor participation is lower than men, but has been rapidly increasing since the 1990s. Out of India’s 397 million workers in 2001, 124 million were women, states Lockwood.

India is on target to meet its Millennium Development Goal of gender parity in education before 2016. UNICEF’s measure of attendance rate and Gender Equality in Education Index (GEEI) capture the quality of education. Despite some gains, India needs to triple its rate of improvement to reach GEEI score of 95% by 2015 under the Millennium Development Goals. A 1998 report states that rural India girls continue to be less educated than the boys.

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India’s ranking in gender equality is low overall but improving in areas such as political empowerment and economy where number of working women has been increasing rapidly since 1990s and also education in which India is on target to meet the Millennium Development Goal of equality in Education though it must triple the rate of improvement to reach that goal by 2016.

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YouTube originally offered videos at only one quality level, displayed at a resolution of 320×240 pixels using the Sorenson Spark codec (a variant of H.263), with mono MP3 audio. In June 2007, YouTube added an option to watch videos in 3GP format on mobile phones. In March 2008, a high-quality mode was added, which increased the resolution to 480×360 pixels.

In November 2008, 720p HD support was added. At the time of the 720p launch, the YouTube player was changed from a 4:3 aspect ratio to a widescreen 16:9. With this new feature, YouTube began a switchover to H.264/MPEG-4 AVC as its default video compression format. In November 2009, 1080p HD support was added. In July 2010, YouTube announced that it had launched a range of videos in 4K format, which allows a resolution of up to 4096×3072 pixels. YouTube has since lowered the maximum resolution to 3840×2160 pixels, which is twice as many pixels in both directions as 1080p.

In June 2014, YouTube introduced videos playing at 60 frames per second, in order to reproduce video games with a frame rate comparable to high-end graphics cards. The videos play back at a resolution of 720p or higher.

YouTube videos are available in a range of quality levels. The former names of standard quality (SQ), high quality (HQ) and high definition (HD) have been replaced by numerical values representing the vertical resolution of the video. The default video stream is encoded in the VP9 format with stereo Opus audio; if VP9/WebM is not supported in the browser/device or the browser’s user agent reports Windows XP, then H.264/MPEG-4 AVC video with stereo AAC audio is used instead.

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India’s ranking in gender equality is low overall but improving in areas such as political empowerment and economy where number of working women has been increasing rapidly since 1990s and also education in which India is on target to meet the Millennium Development Goal of equality in Education though it must triple the rate of improvement to reach that goal by 2016.

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Whilst enjoying a creamy pint of draft Guinness, have you ever wondered about its journey from brewery to bar The famous black stuff (it’s actually ruby red) is available in 100 countries worldwide and is brewed in almost 50. As you can imagine, it’s a complex undertaking getting it from plant to pub and one that’s fundamental to the company’s success.

A Deloitte team from Risk Analytics. Financial Advisory and Consulting has spent the past two years working with Diageo on its commercial and supply chain programme, Project ice Cap. The objective was to iron out peaks and troughs in sales by improving the client’s understanding of customer demand and sales behavior. At the same time, we looked at removing inefficiencies to help save costs. The programme spanned Diageo’s enormous logistics process from production and warehousing to distribution and retail. Our work supported Diageo in becoming a consumer-driven organization, and with reduced volatility and unpredictability in customer behavior.

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Having collaborated with Diageo, Deloitte has undertaken research on the manufacturing process of the world famous Guinness brand, which not only comprises of effective understanding of clientele behavior but is also instrumental in making Diageo a consumer-driven organization.

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What makes teaching online unique is that it uses the Internet, especially the World Wide Web, as the primary means of communication. Thus, when you teach online, you don’t have to be someplace to teach. You don’t have to lug your briefcase full of papers or your laptop to a classroom, stand at a lectern, scribble on a chalkboard, or grade papers in a stuffy room while your students take a test. You don’t even have to sit in your office waiting for students to show up for conferences. You can hold “office hours” on weekends or at night after dinner.

You can do all this while living in a small town in Wyoming or a big city like Bangkok, even if you’re working for a college whose administrative offices are located in Florida or Dubai. You can attend an important conference in Hawaii on the same day that you teach your class in New Jersey, longing on from your laptop via the local cafe’s wireless hot sport or your hotel room’s high-speed network.

Online learning offers more freedom for students as well. They can search for courses using the Web, scouring their institution or even the world for programs, classes and instructors that fit their needs. Having found an appropriate course, they can enrol and register, shop for their books, read articles, listen to lectures, submit their homework assignments, confer with their instructors, and receive their final grades – all online. They can assemble in virtual classrooms, joining other students from diverse geographical locales, forging bond and friendships not possible in conventional classrooms, which are usually limited to students from a specific geographical area.

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Online teaching provides the freedom to both teachers and students as teachers need not be at a specific place to teach because they use the internet as the medium of communication, whereas, students can enroll, register, submit assignments and receive grades- all online.

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Nurse sharks are nocturnal animals, spending the day in large inactive groups of up to 40 individuals. Hidden under submerged ledges or in crevices within the reef, the Nurse sharks seem to prefer specific resting sites and will return to them each day after the nights hunting. By night, the sharks are largely solitary. Nurse sharks spend most of their time foraging through the bottom sediments in search of food. Their diet consists primarily of crustaceans, molluscs, tunicates and other fish such as spiny lobsters, crabs, shrimps, sea urchins, octopuses, squid, marine snails and bivalves and in particularly, stingrays.

Nurse sharks are thought to take advantage of dormant fish which would otherwise be too fast for the sharks to catch, although their small mouths limit the size of prey items, the sharks have large throat cavities which are used as a sort of bellows valve. In this way, Nurse sharks are able to suck in their prey. Nurse sharks are also known to graze algae and coral. Nurse sharks have been observed resting on the bottom with their bodies supported on their fins, possibly providing a false shelter for crustaceans which they then ambush and eat.

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Nurse Sharks, spend most of the time either foraging through the bottom to find food or resting at specific sites, hunts at night and spends the day in large inactive groups.

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How can we design great cities from scratch if we cannot agree on what makes them great? None of the cities where people most want to live such as London, New York, Paris and Hong Kong comes near to being at the top of surveys asking which are best to live in.

The top three in the most recent Economist Intelligence Units livability ranking, for example, were Melbourne, Vancouver, and Vienna. They are all perfectly pleasant, but great? The first question to tackle is the difference between livability and greatness. Perhaps we cannot aspire to make a great city, but if we attempt to make a livable one, can it in time become great?

There are some fundamental elements that you need. The first is public space. Whether it is Vienna’s Ringstrasse and Prater park, or the beaches of Melbourne and Vancouver, these are places that allow the city to pause and the citizens to mingle and to breathe, regardless of class or wealth. Good cities also seem to be close to nature, and all three have easy access to varied, wonderful landscapes and topographies.

A second crucial factor, says Ricky Burdett, a professor of urban studies at the London School of Economics, is a good transport system. Affordable public transport is the one thing which cuts across all successful cities, he says.

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The factors such as easy access to various landscapes, public space for citizens to breathe, and affordable public transportation are crucial for designing a great city.

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Water is at the core of sustainable development. Water resources, and the range of services they provide underpin poverty reduction, economic growth, and environmental sustainability. From food and energy security to human and environmental health, water contributes to improvements in social well- being and inclusive growth, affecting the livelihoods of billions. In a sustainable world that is achievable in the near future, water and related resources are managed in support of human well-being and ecosystem integrity in a robust economy.

Sufficient and safe water is made available to meet every person’s basic needs, with healthy lifestyles and behaviors easily upheld through reliable and affordable water supply and sanitation services, in turn, supported by equitably extended and efficiently managed infrastructure. Water resources management, infrastructure, and service delivery are sustainably financed. Water is duly valued in all its forms, with wastewater treated as a resource that avails energy, nutrients, and freshwater for reuse.

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Water, which improves the social well-being and affects the livelihood of billions, is a core of sustainable development due to which its resources are managed for integrity in the ecosystem.

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With an abundance of low-priced labor relative to the United States, it is no surprise that China, India and other developing countries specialize in the production of labor-intensive products. For similar reasons, the United States will specialize in the production of goods that are human-and-physical- capital intensive because of the relative abundance of a highly educated labor force and technically sophisticated equipment in the United States. This division of global production should yield higher global output of both types of goods than would be the case if each country attempted to produce both of these goods itself. For example, the United States would produce more expensive labor-intensive goods because of its more expensive labor and the developing countries would produce more expensive human and physical capital-intensive goods because of their relative scarcity of these inputs. This logic implies that the United States is unlikely to be a significant global competitor in the production green technologies that are not relatively intensive in human and physical capital.
Nevertheless, during the early stages of the development of a new technology, the United States has a comparative advantage in the production of the products enabled by this innovation. However, once these technologies become well understood and production processes are designed that can make use of less skilled labor, production will migrate to countries with less expensive labor.

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Different countries enjoy comparative advantage due to availability of human and physical capital or low-price labor, which leads to a greater worldwide production by specializing in the goods for which these countries have comparable advantages, so once the processes are well perceived, production is transferred from developed countries to countries with cheap labor.

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Consider the current situation: like their counterparts in the United States, engineers and technicians in India have the capacity to provide both computer programming and innovative new technologies. Indian programmers and high-tech engineers earn one-quarter of what their counterparts earn in the United States. Consequently, India is able to do both jobs at a lower dollar cost than the United States: India has an absolute advantage in both. In other words, it can produce a unit of programming for fewer dollars than the United States, and it can also produce a unit of technology innovation for fewer dollars. Does that mean that the United States will lose not only programming jobs but innovation technology jobs, too? Does that mean that our standard of living will fall if the United States and India engage in international trade?
David Ricardo would have answered no to both questions -as we do today. While India may have an absolute advantage in both activities, that fact is irrelevant in determining what India or the United States will produce. India has a comparative advantage in doing programming in part because such activity requires little physical capital. The flip side is that the United States has a comparative advantage in technology innovation partly because it is relatively easy to obtain capital in this country to undertake such long-run projects. The result is that Indian programmers will do more and more of what U.S. programmers have been doing in the past. In contract, American firms will shift to more and more innovation. The United States will specialize in technology innovation; India will specialize in programming. The business managers in each country will opt to specialize in activities in which they have a comparative advantage. As in the past, the U.S. economy will continue to concentrate on what are called the “most best❞ activities.

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Despite the fact that India has an absolute advantage in both computer programming and innovative new technologies, it is irrelevant in determining what India and United will produce in the future, as each country will opt to specialize in activities in which they have a comparative advantage, hence American firms will continue to concentrate on innovation and Indian will specialize in programming.

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The City of London Who would have thought back in 1698, as they downed their espressos, that the little band of stockbrokers from Jonathan’s Coffee House in Change Alley EC3 would be the founder: members of what would become the world’s mighty money capital?
Progress was not entirely smooth. The South Sea Bubble burst in 1720 and the coffee house exchanges burned down in 1748. As late as Big Bang in 1986, when bowler hats were finally hung up, you wouldn’t have bet the farm on London surpassing New York, Frankfurt and Tokyo as Mammon’s international nexus. Yet the 325,000 souls who operate in the UK capital’s financial hub have now overtaken their New York rivals in size of the funds managed (including offshore business); they hold 70% of the global secondary bond market, and the City dominates foreign exchange trading. And its institutions paid out £9 billion in bonuses in December. The Square Mile has now spread both eastwards from EC3 to Canary Wharf and westwards into Mayfair, where many of the private-equity ‘locusts’ and their hedge-fund pals now hang out.
For foreigners in finance, London is the place to be. It has no Sarbanes Oxley and no euro to hold it back, yet the fact that it still flies so high is against the odds. London is one of the most expensive cities in the world to live in, transport systems groan and there’s an ever-present threat of terrorist attack. But, for the time being, the deals just keep on getting bigger.

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The city of London, the world’s mighty money capital, has evolved tortuously since 1698 and now has surpassed other metropolitans and dominated the global financial market, which leads London to be rather attractive to financial investors despite its substantial living cost, hidden safety concerns as well as congested transportation.

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As far as prediction is concerned, remember that the chairman of IBM predicted in the fifties that the world would need a maximum of around half a dozen computers, that the British Department for Education seemed to think in the eighties that we would all need to be able to code in BASIC and that in the nineties Microsoft failed to foresee the rapid growth of the Internet. Who could have predicted that one major effect of the automobile would be to bankrupt small shops across the nation? Could the early developers of the telephone have foreseen its development as a medium for person-to-person communication, rather than as a form of broadcasting medium? We all, including the ‘experts’, seem to be peculiarly inept at predicting the likely development of our technologies, even as far as the next year. We can, of course, try to extrapolate from experience of previous technologies, as I do below by comparing the technology of the Internet with the development of other information and communication technologies and by examining the earlier development of radio and print. But how justified I might be in doing so remains an open question. You might conceivably find the history of the British and French videotex systems, Prestel and Minitel, instructive. However, I am not entirely convinced that they are very relevant, nor do I know where you can find information about them online, so, rather than take up space here, I’ve briefly described them in a separate article.

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Reliably predict technology trends and implications of every technology innovation is challenging even for technological experts, and extrapolating from
experience of previous technologies does not suffice credibility as many cases are considered irrelevant or untraceable.

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Why and to what extent should parents control their children’s TV watching? There is certainly nothing inherently wrong with TV. The problem is how much television a child watches and what effect it has on his life. Research has shown that as the amount of time spent watching TV goes up, the amount of time devoted not only to homework and study but other important aspects of life such as social development and physical activities decreases. Television is bound to have it tremendous impact on a child, both in terms of how many hours a week he watches TV and of what he sees. When a parent is concerned about the effects of television, he should consider a number of things: what TV offers the child in terms of information and knowledge, how many hours a week a youngster his age should watch television, the impact of violence and sex, and the influence of commercials. What about the family as a whole? Is the TV set a central piece of furniture in your home! Is it flicked on the moment someone enters the empty house? Is it on during the daytime? Is it part of the background noise of your family life? Do you demonstrate by your own viewing that television should be watched selectively?
Since television is clearly here to stay, it is important that parents manage their children’s TV viewing so that it can be a plus rather than a minus in the family situation.”

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As television, an inevitable object of human life, has a significant impact on psychological, physical and social growth of children, parents along with the whole family should control the viewing time and content of TV in order to transform the negatives to positives.

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When Namibia gained independence in 1990, teenager Pascolena Florry was herding goats in the country’s dry, desolate Northern Savannah. Her job, unpaid and dangerous, was to protect her parents’ livestock from preying jackals and leopards. She saw wildlife as the enemy, and many of the other indigenous inhabitants of Namibia’s rural communal lands shared her view. Wildlife poaching was commonplace. Fifteen years later, 31-year-old Pascolena’s life and outlook are very different. She has built a previously undreamed of career in tourism and is the first black Namibian to be appointed manager of a guest lodge. Her village, and hundreds of others, have directly benefited from government efforts to devolve wildlife management and tourism development on communal lands to conservancies run by indigenous peoples. “Now we see the wildlife as our way of creating jobs and opportunities as the tourism industry grows,” she says. “The future is better with wildlife around, not only for jobs, but also for the environment”.

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Despite the fact that many Namibians including Pascolena Florry initially believed that wildlife was enemy, this perspective of Namibians has been changed after 15 years and wildlife is considered a blessing for employment opportunities and environment because of the development of tourism and wildlife.

Summarize Written Text Questions 39

Read the passage below and summarize it using one sentence. Type your response in the box at the bottom of the screen. You have 10 minutes to finish this task. Your response will be judged on the quality of your writing and on how well your response presents the key points in the passage.

As we explore the intricate beauty of the natural world, we are continuously amazed by the fantastic art of camouflage. While this technique has become a cornerstone of modern warfare, animals have perfected it for countless ages.
In the wild, creatures are in a constant state of conflict. Those unable to evade danger through rapid movement must rely on their ability to hide or disguise themselves. This is especially true for those who hunt for a living, who must approach their prey without alerting them to their presence.
Nature has gifted these wild creatures a remarkable ability to disguise themselves by colouring them with shades best suited for escaping enemies or entrapping prey. Animals are usually coloured according to their specific habitats, with a few notable exceptions that make protective resemblance advisable. Many of the most striking examples of protective resemblance among animals arise from their intimate association with the surrounding flora and natural scenery. The creatures imitate every part of a tree, from its flowers and fruits to its bark and roots. The incredible attention to detail in this mimicry is simply astonishing.

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Animals have become experts in disguising themselves through colour and protective resemblance to evade danger and approach prey
unnoticed by imitating their natural surroundings with great attention to detail.

Summarize Written Text Questions 40

Read the passage below and summarize it using one sentence. Type your response in the box at the bottom of the screen. You have 10 minutes to finish this task. Your response will be judged on the quality of your writing and on how well your response presents the key points in the passage.

As we journey to Australia, we witness how its beauty and opportunities attract many migrants from far and wide. Its strong and prosperous economy, diverse society, and stunning landscapes make it a dream destination for those seeking a better life.
To fulfil their aspirations, many people apply for the coveted Australia PR Visa, which allows them to enter and reside in this wondrous land for good. These visas come in various forms, such as skilled work and family visas, and each has unique eligibility requirements. But, to enjoy the privileges of these visas, applicants must meet the requirements and pass the stringent visa application process.
Moreover, being a permanent resident doesn’t automatically guarantee re-entry into Australia after leaving the country. However, most permanent residents can apply for Australian citizenship after living in the country for four years, with at least 12 months spent as permanent residents.
Australia’s appeal as a destination of opportunity and a better life has become a reality for many. But, to truly call it their home, migrants must fulfil the requirements and embrace the country’s culture and way of life.

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Australia’s strong economy, diverse society, and stunning landscapes attract many migrants who aspire to secure permanent residency through various visas and must meet the eligibility requirements while embracing the country’s culture to make it their home.

Summarize Written Text Questions 41

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The Great Smoky Mountains have a unique forest that feels magical and mysterious. This is the cove hardwood forest, a place where the diversity of trees in the canopy is unparalleled. Although this forest is not exclusive to topographic flats and hollows, it is known as a cove forest due to its occurrence in these low-lying areas. But, it can also be found on steep slopes where the soil moisture conditions are ideal.
This ancient forest is particularly intriguing because its trees have been found in Cretaceous-era fossils in the eastern United States. This discovery has led plant geographers to speculate that the cove hardwood forest is a very ancient mix of species that was probably the ancestor of several other widespread forest communities. Today, this unique forest community is a rare sight, and we are lucky that it remains uncut in the Great Smoky Mountains. The cove hardwood forest does not have any exclusive plant or animal species. Still, it is distinguished by its remarkable variety of trees, making it an important part of the region’s natural heritage.

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The Great Smoky Mountains have a unique and ancient cove hardwood forest with diverse trees, believed to be an ancestor to other forests and an important part of the region’s natural heritage.

Summarize Written Text Questions 42

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Hurricanes are one of nature’s most powerful storms. These tropical cyclones are warm-core, low-pressure systems that develop over subtropical waters with an organized circulation. Hurricanes are driven by easterly winds south of 25° north latitude and high-level westerly winds north of it.
The warm tropical ocean and moist atmosphere are the perfect combination to create these powerful storms. While their winds are renowned for their strength and destruction, the real danger comes from the storm surge they produce. This surge is caused by the swirling winds pushing water towards the shore. With much of the United States densely populated coastlines situated less than 10 feet above sea level, the threat from storm surges is immense. It’s essential to respect the power of hurricanes and take necessary precautions when they occur to ensure the safety of ourselves, our property, and our communities.

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Hurricanes are powerful storms that develop over warm tropical waters and can cause devastating damage through their high winds and storm surges, making it essential to take necessary precautions to ensure safety.

Summarize Written Text Questions 43

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As a car owner, you may be concerned about your vehicle’s environmental impact. Transportation is responsible for approximately 25% of all greenhouse gas emissions, most of which are attributed to road transport. This has prompted research into alternative solutions that can help reduce the impact of vehicles on the environment, such as using ethanol as a fuel source.
Ethanol is a renewable fuel compatible with most cars and particular trucks, and its use can increase vehicle efficiency. This not only helps reduce a vehicle’s carbon footprint but also enables car owners to save money on fuel costs. In addition to its potential to boost engine efficiency, ethanol has the added benefit of reducing harmful emissions and pollutants contributing to climate change.
An essential aspect of ethanol as a fuel source is that it does not require significant infrastructure investment to deliver results. This is due to its ability to be integrated easily into existing fuel supply chains, making it a convenient option for car owners.
Finally, using ethanol as a fuel source has positive environmental implications. This makes ethanol a more sustainable and environmentally-friendly fuel option.

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Ethanol is a renewable fuel source that can help increase vehicle efficiency and reduce harmful emissions while being compatible with existing fuel supply chains and providing cost savings to car owners, making it a sustainable and convenient option.

Summarize Written Text Questions 44

Read the passage below and summarize it using one sentence. Type your response in the box at the bottom of the screen. You have 10 minutes to finish this task. Your response will be judged on the quality of your writing and on how well your response presents the key points in the passage.

This year’s Nobel Peace Prize justly rewards the thousands of scientists of the United Nations Climate Change Panel (the IPCC). These scientists are engaged in excellent, painstaking work that establishes exactly what the world should expect from climate change.
The other award winner, former US Vice President Al Gore, has spent much more time telling us what to fear. While the IPCC’s estimates and conclusions are grounded in careful study, Gore doesn’t seem to be similarly restrained.
Gore told the world in his Academy Award-winning movie (recently labeled “one-sided” and containing “scientific errors” by a British judge) to expect 20-foot sea-level rises over this century. He ignores the findings of his Nobel co-winners, the IPCC, who conclude that sea levels will rise between only a half-foot and two feet over this century, with their best expectation being about one foot. That’s similar to what the world experienced over the past 150 years.
Likewise, Gore agonizes over the accelerated melting of ice in Greenland and what it means for the planet, but overlooks the IPCC’s conclusion that, if sustained, the current rate of melting would add just three inches to the sea level rise by the end of the century. Gore also takes no notice of research showing that Greenland’s temperatures were higher in 1941 than they are today.
Gore also frets about the future of polar bears. He claims they are drowning as their icy habitat disappears. However, the only scientific study showing any such thing indicates that four polar bears drowned because of a storm.
The politician-turned-movie maker loses sleep over a predicted rise in heat-related deaths. There’s another side of the story that’s inconvenient to mention: rising temperatures will reduce the number of cold spells, which are a much bigger killer than heat. The best study shows that by 2050, heat will claim 400,000 more lives, but 1.8 million fewer will die because of cold. Indeed, according to the first complete survey of the economic effects of climate change for the world, global warming will actually save lives.

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Being the co-winner of Nobel Peace Prize, Al Gore exaggerated his findings about climate change and overstated sea rise although evidences strongly point towards the opposite direction in favour of IPCC, who concluded from thorough analysis that global warming will not trigger substantial sea level rise and actually save lives.

Summarize Written Text Questions 45

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Take a Nap, Protect Your Heart? people who took naps at least three times a week for average of at least 30 minutes were 37% less likely to die of heart disease than people who did not take regular naps Large Greek Study Suggests Midday Siestas Cut Heart Deaths Naps aren’t generally included in the litany of good-for-your-heart lifestyle choices recommended for lowering cardiovascular risk, but they may soon be. New research suggests a midday siesta may reduce a person’s risk of death from heart disease possibly by lowering stress levels. The findings must be confirmed, but Dimitrios Trichopoulos, MD, a study author, tells WebMD there is little downside to taking naps and there could be big health benefits. The siesta is a victim of progress. Most of us aren’t in the position to take a daily nap, he says. But our research suggests that the practice could help protect the heart, and we need further studies to find out if this really is the case.” Part of the Culture: Trichopoulos says the research stemmed from the observation that heart disease death rates are lower in Mediterranean and Latin American countries where midday siestas are part of the culture. His own earlier research in a Greek population provided weak evidence in favor of the nap hypothesis, but another, larger study, conducted in Costa Rica failed to show an association. The newly published Greek study by Trichopoulos and colleagues from the Harvard School of Public Health in Boston, and Greece’s University of Athens Medical School is the largest ever to examine the issue in a previously healthy population. A total of 23,681 residents of Greece with no history of heart disease, stroke, or cancer at enrollment were followed an average of 6.3 years.

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A new study done by a Greek research group on a total number of 23,681 participants has found that regular naps in the afternoon for three times a week can positively reduce the risk of heart diseases by 37%, possibly due to the fact that it can reduce the stress levels.

Summarize Written Text Questions 46

Read the passage below and summarize it using one sentence. Type your response in the box at the bottom of the screen. You have 10 minutes to finish this task. Your response will be judged on the quality of your writing and on how well your response presents the key points in the passage.

Males do the singing and females do the listening. This has been the established, even cherished view of courtship in birds, but now some ornithologists are changing tune. Laszlo Garamszegi of the University of Antwerp, Belgium, and colleagues studied the literature on 233 European songbird species. Of the 109 for which information on females was available, they found evidence for singing in 101 species. In only eight species could the team conclude that females did not sing. Females that sing have been overlooked, the team say, because either their songs are quiet, they are mistaken for males from their similar plumage or they live in less well-studied areas such as the tropics (Behavioral Ecology, DOI: 10.1093/arlo47). Garamszegi blames Charles Darwin for the oversight. “He emphasized the importance of male sexual display, and this is what everyone has been looking at.” The findings go beyond modern species. After carefully tracing back an evolutionary family tree for their songbirds, Garamszegi’s team discovered that, in at least two bird families, singing evolved in females first. They suggest these ancient females may have been using their songs to deter other females from their territories, to coordinate breeding activities with males, or possibly to attract mates.

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Despite the misconception that was initially put forth by Charles Darwin that highlighted the importance of singing in male birds for courtship purposes, a team of researchers from University of Antwerp discovered that most of the females in family trees for songbirds actually sang songs possibly to attract mates or defend their territories.

Summarize Written Text Questions 47

Read the passage below and summarize it using one sentence. Type your response in the box at the bottom of the screen. You have 10 minutes to finish this task. Your response will be judged on the quality of your writing and on how well your response presents the key points in the passage.

The International Conference on Literacy and Skills Development is an important event that brings together people from around the world to address the issue of illiteracy. At present, there are over 750 million people globally who lack basic literacy skills, and two-thirds of them are women. The situation is further compounded by the fact that 102 million of these individuals are young people between the ages of 15 to 24. The impact of this lack of literacy skills is far-reaching, with many individuals unable to secure good employment or lead a fulfilling life.
The International Literacy Day serves as a reminder of the urgent need to address the issue of illiteracy. The event aims to identify effective and comprehensive approaches to literacy learning and skills development that will prepare individuals for lifelong learning, improve their lives and livelihoods, and help bridge the literacy gap. At the conference, stakeholders and decision-makers come together to discuss how integrated approaches to literacy and skills development can help close the literacy gap and improve learners’ ability to meet the needs of today’s increasingly globalized and digitized employment market. The focus is on finding practical solutions to the challenges faced by individuals who lack foundational skills, including literacy, and are failing to meet the skill demands of the rapidly changing labor market.

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The International Conference on Literacy and Skills Development brings together people to find ways to help the millions of individuals worldwide who lack basic literacy skills to get better education and employment opportunities.

Summarize Written Text Questions 48

Read the passage below and summarize it using one sentence. Type your response in the box at the bottom of the screen. You have 10 minutes to finish this task. Your response will be judged on the quality of your writing and on how well your response presents the key points in the passage.

Take a Nap, Protect Your Heart? people who took naps at least three times a week for average of at least 30 minutes were 37% less likely to die of heart disease than people who did not take regular naps Large Greek Study Suggests Midday Siestas Cut Heart Deaths Naps aren’t generally included in the litany of good-for-your-heart lifestyle choices recommended for lowering cardiovascular risk, but they may soon be. New research suggests a midday siesta may reduce a person’s risk of death from heart disease possibly by lowering stress levels. The findings must be confirmed, but Dimitrios Trichopoulos, MD, a study author, tells WebMD there is little downside to taking naps and there could be big health benefits. The siesta is a victim of progress. Most of us aren’t in the position to take a daily nap, he says. But our research suggests that the practice could help protect the heart, and we need further studies to find out if this really is the case.” Part of the Culture: Trichopoulos says the research stemmed from the observation that heart disease death rates are lower in Mediterranean and Latin American countries where midday siestas are part of the culture. His own earlier research in a Greek population provided weak evidence in favor of the nap hypothesis, but another, larger study, conducted in Costa Rica failed to show an association. The newly published Greek study by Trichopoulos and colleagues from the Harvard School of Public Health in Boston, and Greece’s University of Athens Medical School is the largest ever to examine the issue in a previously healthy population. A total of 23,681 residents of Greece with no history of heart disease, stroke, or cancer at enrollment were followed an average of 6.3 years.

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A new study done by a Greek research group on a total number of 23,681 participants has found that regular naps in the afternoon for three times a week can positively reduce the risk of heart diseases by 37%, possibly due to the fact that it can reduce the stress levels.

Summarize Written Text Questions 49

Read the passage below and summarize it using one sentence. Type your response in the box at the bottom of the screen. You have 10 minutes to finish this task. Your response will be judged on the quality of your writing and on how well your response presents the key points in the passage.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is revolutionizing industries worldwide, offering innovative solutions that improve efficiency, accuracy, and productivity. From healthcare to transportation, AI systems are streamlining operations, diagnosing diseases, and enabling autonomous vehicles. However, this rapid advancement raises ethical concerns, including data privacy, job displacement, and potential misuse of AI technologies. Experts emphasize the importance of establishing ethical guidelines and regulatory frameworks to ensure AI development aligns with societal values while maximizing its potential benefits. As governments, corporations, and academic institutions continue to invest in AI research, striking a balance between innovation and ethical responsibility will determine the future of AI’s integration into everyday life.

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Artificial intelligence is transforming industries by enhancing efficiency and innovation, but its rapid advancement necessitates ethical guidelines and regulatory frameworks to address concerns such as data privacy, job displacement, and misuse, ensuring its benefits align with societal values.

Summarize Written Text Questions 50

Read the passage below and summarize it using one sentence. Type your response in the box at the bottom of the screen. You have 10 minutes to finish this task. Your response will be judged on the quality of your writing and on how well your response presents the key points in the passage.

The concept of globalization has significantly reshaped the economic, social, and cultural dynamics of the modern world, fostering interconnectedness among nations through trade, technology, and communication. This phenomenon has enabled the rapid exchange of ideas, goods, and services, leading to economic growth and cultural exchange. However, it has also widened the gap between developed and developing countries, exacerbating inequality and creating challenges such as environmental degradation and the erosion of cultural identities. Critics argue that multinational corporations often exploit resources and labor in less developed nations, prioritizing profit over sustainability and ethical considerations. Proponents, on the other hand, highlight globalization’s role in poverty reduction, technological advancements, and fostering international cooperation to address global challenges. Ultimately, while globalization offers immense opportunities, it requires balanced policies to ensure equitable benefits for all nations and mitigate its adverse effects.

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Globalization has reshaped global dynamics by fostering economic growth, cultural exchange, and international cooperation, but it also exacerbates inequality, environmental challenges, and cultural erosion, requiring balanced policies to ensure equitable and sustainable benefits.

Summarize Written Text Questions 51

Read the passage below and summarize it using one sentence. Type your response in the box at the bottom of the screen. You have 10 minutes to finish this task. Your response will be judged on the quality of your writing and on how well your response presents the key points in the passage.

Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD), a type of depression related to changes in seasons, is a
compelling example of the complex relationship between our biological rhythms and mental health.
Predominantly occurring in the winter months, SAD is characterized by symptoms such as low mood,
lethargy, and a loss of interest in everyday activities.
Biologically, SAD is linked to reduced exposure to sunlight during shorter winter days.This decrease in sunlight can disrupt our body’s internal clock, or circadian rhythm, which regulates sleep,
hormoneproduction, and mood. The lack of light can also lead to lower serotonin levels, a
neurotransmitter associated with mood regulation, and an increase in melatonin production, which can induce sleepinessand affect mood. Interestingly, not everyone is affected by SAD in the same way, suggesting that genetic factors may also play a role. Some individuals may be predispositioned to the disorder, making them more susceptible to changes in light and seasonal shifts.
Treatment for SAD often includes light therapy, which involves exposure to artificial light that
mimics natural outdoor light, helping to regulate the circadian rhythm. Other approaches include
psychotherapy, medications, and lifestyle changes such as increasing physical activity and spending
more time outdoors. Recognizing the symptoms of SAD is crucial for timely intervention. It is
important to distinguish between a simple ‘winter blues’ and the more severe symptoms of SAD that
impactdaily functioning. Awareness and understanding of this disorder can lead to better management
and improved mental health during the challenging winter months.

In conclusion, Seasonal Affective Disorder exemplifies the intricate connection between
environmental factors, our biological systems, and mental health. By acknowledging and addressing the unique challenges of SAD, we can better support those affected and enhance our overall approach to mental well-being.

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Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) is a winter-related depression caused by reduced sunlight, disrupting circadian rhythms and mood, with treatment options like light therapy, medication, and lifestyle changes.

Summarize Written Text Questions 52

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The healing power of nature in enhancing mental health is an area of increasing interest and study in psychological and medical research. The presence of green spaces, such as parks, forests, and gardens, has been shown to have a significant positive impact on mental well being, offering a natural, accessible remedy to the stresses of modern life.

Exposure to nature can lead to reductions in symptoms associated with anxiety, depression, and stress. Natural environments promote relaxation and rejuvenation, partly by reducing the levels of cortisol, a stress hormone, in the body. Being in nature also encourages physical activity, which further contributes to mental health improvements.

Furthermore, green spaces provide an opportunity for social interaction, which is vital for mental

health. Whether it’s a casual conversation with a fellow hiker or participating in a community gardening project, these interactions can foster a sense of community and belonging.

Nature also plays a critical role in cognitive function. Studies have shown that spending time in naturalsettings can improve attention, memory, and creativity. For children, regular exposure to nature has been linked to enhanced learning abilities and reduced symptoms of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Urban planning that incorporates green spaces is increasingly recognized as essential for public health. Access to natural environments in urban areas can help mitigate the mental health challenges posed by city living.

In conclusion, the psychological benefits of nature are vast and varied. From reducing stress and

improving mood to enhancing cognitive function and fostering social connections, the importance of green spaces in mental health cannot be overstated. Embracing and preserving natural environments is not only beneficial for ecological health but is also crucial for the mental well-being of individuals and communities.

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Exposure to nature reduces stress, enhances mental well-being, improves cognitive function, fosters social connections, and is essential for both urban planning and overall psychological health.

Summarize Written Text Questions 53

Read the passage below and summarize it using one sentence. Type your response in the box at the bottom of the screen. You have 10 minutes to finish this task. Your response will be judged on the quality of your writing and on how well your response presents the key points in the passage.

Mindfulness, the practice of being fully present and engaged in the moment, has gained significant traction in the field of psychology as a powerful tool for enhancing mental health. Rooted in ancient meditation practices, mindfulness involves a non-judgmental awareness of one’s thoughts, feelings, bodily sensations, and surrounding environment.

Research in psychology and neuroscience has shown that mindfulness can have a profound impact on mental well-being. Regular mindfulness practice is associated with reductions in symptoms of anxiety and depression. It helps individuals break free from negative thought patterns, reducing the rumination and worry that often accompany these conditions.

Mindfulness also plays a crucial role in stress reduction. By fostering a calm and attentive state of
mind, mindfulness practices like meditation can lower stress hormones and promote relaxation. This
state of mental calmness can improve sleep quality, enhance concentration, and boost overall
emotional resilience.

In therapy, mindfulness-based interventions such as Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) and Mindfulness- Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) have been effective in treating various mental health issues. These therapeutic approaches combine mindfulness techniques with elements of cognitive therapy to help individuals understand and manage their thoughts and emotions more effectively.

Furthermore, mindfulness can improve physical health, which is closely linked to mental health.
Studies have shown that it can lower blood pressure, reduce chronic pain, and improve the immune
system, further contributing to mental and emotional well-being.

In conclusion, mindfulness offers a versatile and accessible approach to mental health, suitable for a wide range of individuals. Its benefits in reducing anxiety, depression, and stress, and enhancing overall well-being, make it an invaluable practice in the journey towards mental and emotional health.

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Mindfulness, a practice of present-moment awareness, reduces anxiety, depression, and stress, enhances emotional resilience, improves physical health, and is widely used in therapeutic interventions for overall mental well-being.

Summarize Written Text Questions 54

Read the passage below and summarize it using one sentence. Type your response in the box at the bottom of the screen. You have 10 minutes to finish this task. Your response will be judged on the quality of your writing and on how well your response presents the key points in the passage.

In the vast realm of biology, the study of microbiomes has emerged as a revolutionary field, revealing a hidden universe of microscopic organisms that play a crucial role in human health. A microbiome refers to the community of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa, that inhabit various environments like the human body, soil, and oceans.

The human microbiome, particularly the gut microbiome, has garnered significant attention for its

profound impact on overall health. These microscopic inhabitants of our intestines are not just passive

residents; they actively participate in vital processes such as digestion, immune system regulation, and even the production of essential vitamins. A balanced gut microbiome is linked to a plethora of health benefits, including improved digestion, a robust immune response, and even mental well-being.

Recent studies have revealed the intricate relationship between the gut microbiome and conditions

like obesity, diabetes, and heart disease. Alterations in gut microbiota composition can influence the

body’s metabolism, affecting weight and energy balance. Furthermore, the gut-brain axis, a communication pathway between the gut and the brain, highlights how gut bacteria can impact mental health, contributing to an understanding of depression and anxiety.

The environmental microbiome is equally significant. Soil and ocean microbiomes play a pivotal role

in nutrient cycling, supporting plant growth and marine life, and maintaining ecological balance.

They are also a rich source of novel compounds, including antibiotics and enzymes, with potential

applications in medicine and biotechnology.

In conclusion, the study of microbiomes opens a window into a microscopic world with macroscopic

implications for human health and the environment. Understanding and harnessing the power of

these unseen allies can lead to breakthroughs in health, agriculture, and environmental conservation.

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The study of microbiomes reveals the crucial role of microorganisms in human health, digestion, immunity, mental well-being, and environmental balance, with potential applications in medicine, agriculture, and biotechnology.

Summarize Written Text Questions 55

Read the passage below and summarize it using one sentence. Type your response in the box at the bottom of the screen. You have 10 minutes to finish this task. Your response will be judged on the quality of your writing and on how well your response presents the key points in the passage.

The concept of the metaverse is rapidly gaining traction in the world of technology, promising to revolutionize the way we interact with digital spaces and each other. It represents a new era of
connectivity and immersion, where physical and digital boundaries blur. In essence, the metaverse is a virtual, interconnected universe where users can engage in various activities, interact with others, and create their own digital presence. It encompasses virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR),and the internet, seamlessly blending these technologies into a unified experience.

One of the most exciting aspects of the metaverse is its potential to transform the way we work, socialize, learn, and entertain ourselves. Imagine attending a virtual meeting in a lifelike conference room, exploring distant places in an immersive travel experience, or attending a concert with friends from around the world — all from the comfort of your home. Businesses are already exploring the possibilities of the metaverse, from virtual showrooms for products to interactive training simulations for employees. It has the potential to disrupt traditional industries and create new opportunities
for innovation and entrepreneurship.
However, the promise of the metaverse come challenges, including issues of privacy, security, and digital inequality. As this digital realm expands, it’s crucial to ensure that ethical and equitable standards are established and maintained. The metaverse is not just a concept; it’s becoming a tangible reality. Tech giants and startups alike are investing heavily in its development.

As it continues to evolve, it will be exciting to see how the metaverse shapes our future, offering new possibilities for creativity, collaboration, and connection in the digital age.

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The metaverse is a virtual, interconnected universe blending VR, AR, and the internet, transforming how we work, socialize, learn, and entertain. While offering exciting opportunities, it also raises challenges in privacy, security, and digital equity as it becomes a tangible reality.

Summarize Written Text Questions 56

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Innovation is a driving force behind economic growth and prosperity. It fuels productivity, enhances
competitiveness, and creates new opportunities in the global marketplace. The relationship between
innovation and economic success is a symbiotic one, with each reinforcing the other. Innovation leadsto increased productivity by finding more efficient ways to produce goods and deliver services. It results in the development of cuttingedge technologies, processes, and products that boost efficiency, reduce costs, and increase output. This, in turn, contributes to economic growth by expanding the capacity of industries and markets.

Competitiveness in the global economy is another area where innovation plays a pivotal role. Nation and companies that prioritize innovation are better equipped to compete effectively. They can offer superior products and services that meet evolving consumer demands, both domestically and internationally. Innovation helps create sustainable competitive advantages, driving economic growth and market expansion. Moreover, innovation fosters entrepreneurship and job creation. New businesses often emergeas a result of innovative ideas, and these startups can have a significant impact on job markets. As innovation driven companies thrive, they create employment opportunities and contribute to economic stability and prosperity.

Innovation is not limited to technological advancements; it also encompasses improvements in business models, organizational structures, and social practices. These innovations can lead to more inclusiveand sustainable economic growth, benefiting a broader range of individuals and communities.

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Innovation drives economic growth by boosting productivity, enhancing competitiveness, and creating new business opportunities, while also fostering entrepreneurship and job creation. It contributes to sustainable and inclusive growth through technological, business, and social advancements.

Summarize Written Text Questions 57

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In today’s fast-paced world, finding balance in our lives has become a challenging art. We juggle work, family, social commitments, and personal interests, often leaving us feeling overwhelmed and stressed. However, achieving balance is essential for our well-being and overall happiness. One key aspect of balance is time management.
Prioritizing tasks, setting realistic goals, and creating a schedule that allocates time for work, relaxation, and personal pursuits can help restore equilibrium. Learning to say no when necessary and avoiding overcommitment is also crucial. Maintaining a healthy work-life balance is equally vital. Allowing time for rest, relaxation, and quality time with loved ones can prevent burnout and nurture our relationships. Unplugging from digital devices periodically and setting boundaries for work-related communication outside of office hours can further promote balance.
Physical well-being is another integral component. Regular exercise, a balanced diet, and sufficient sleep are foundational to maintaining physical health. These habits not only boost energy levels but also reduce stress and enhance overall life satisfaction. Mental and emotional balance involves mindfulness practices such
as meditation and self-reflection. These techniques help us stay centered, manage stress, and develop emotional resilience. Furthermore, nurturing our passions and hobbies is essential. Engaging in activities that bring joy and fulfillment can counterbalance the demands of daily life.
In conclusion, finding balance in modern life is an art that requires conscious effort and self-awareness. By prioritizing time management, work-life balance, physical health, mental well-being, and personal passions, we can create a harmonious and fulfilling life. Balancing our responsibilities with self-care ultimately leads to a happier, healthier, and more satisfying existence.

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Achieving balance in life requires effective time management, prioritizing work-life harmony, physical health, mental well-being, and personal passions, leading to a healthier, more fulfilling existence.

Summarize Written Text Questions 58

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The phenomenon of animal migration is one of the most captivating and awe-inspiring aspects of the natural world. It showcases the remarkable journeys undertaken by countless species, often spanning thousands of miles, in search of food, favorable breeding grounds, or milder climates. Migration is not limited to a single type of animal; it occurs among birds, mammals, fish, insects, and even some reptiles. Each species has its own unique strategy and adaptations for making these epic journeys. One of the most renowned migrants is that of the monarch butterfly. These fragile insects travel from North America to Mexico, covering thousands of miles. Their journey is a marvel of precision and timing, as multiple generations of butterflies are involved in completing the round-trip migration.
Birds, too, embark on incredible migrations. The Arctic tern, for example, holds the record for the longest migratory journey of any bird, traveling from the Arctic to the Antarctic and back, covering a staggering 44,000 miles annually. Marine animals like sea turtles and whales migrate vast distances as well. Sea turtles navigate across entire oceans to return to their nesting beaches, while humpback whales undertake migratory journeys between polar feeding grounds and tropical breeding areas. The reasons behind these journeys vary. Some animals migrate to find food, as is the case with many birds that travel to warmer regions in winter to access insect-rich environments. Others migrate for breeding purposes, seeking safe and suitable locations to reproduce and rear their young.
Animal migration is not only a testament to the extraordinary adaptability and instincts of these creatures but also a reminder of the interconnectedness of ecosystems across the globe. It is crucial to understand and protect these migration routes and habitats to ensure the survival of countless species.

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Animal migration, a fascinating natural phenomenon, showcases the incredible journeys of various species across vast distances for food, breeding, and climate, highlighting their adaptability and the interconnectedness of ecosystems.

Summarize Written Text Questions 59

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Elephants, the largest land animals on Earth, captivate us with their sheer size, intelligence, and gentle demeanor. These magnificent creatures have long held a special place in our hearts and the animal kingdom, representing a harmonious blend of power and grace. Elephants are renowned for their exceptional memory, social bonds, and complex communication skills. These qualities are prominently displayed within their tight-knit family groups, which are led by a matriarch — the oldest and wisest female. The family structure and intricate relationships within elephant herds are awe-inspiring and provide valuable insights into animal behavior and cognition. These gentle giants are also known for their emotional depth. Elephants can display a wide range of emotions, from joy and playfulness to grief and empathy. They mourn their dead, even returning to the remains of deceased herd members years after their passing, showcasing their profound emotional connections. Despite their remarkable intelligence and emotional capacity, elephants face significant challenges in the wild. Habitat loss, poaching for ivory, and human-wildlife conflicts threaten their survival. Conservation efforts are critical to ensuring the continued existence of these magnificent creatures. Efforts to protect and conserve elephants include anti-poaching initiatives, the establishment of protected areas, and public awareness campaigns to reduce demand for ivory products. Additionally, responsible tourism practices promote ethical interactions with elephants in captivity, ensuring their well-being. Elephants are not just charismatic megafauna; they are vital to the ecosystems they inhabit. They disperse seeds, create water holes, and shape their environment, making them keystone species with an essential role in maintaining biodiversity.

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Elephants, known for their intelligence, emotional depth, and complex social structures, face threats such as habitat loss and poaching, making conservation efforts crucial to their survival and the ecosystems they support.

Summarize Written Text Questions 60

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Movies have always held a special place in our society, shaping our culture, influencing our perceptions, and entertaining us for over a century. The impact of movies on society is undeniable, and it encompasses various aspects of our lives.
First and foremost, movies are a powerful medium for storytelling. They have the ability to transport us to different worlds, eras, and situations, allowing us to experience emotions and adventures vicariously. Through compelling narratives, movies can evoke empathy, inspire, and provoke thought. They often reflect the values, fears, and aspirations of the society in which they are made, making them a mirror to our collective consciousness.
Moreover, movies are instrumental in shaping public opinion. They can shed light on important social issues, challenge prevailing norms, and promote dialogue and discussion. Films like “12 Years a Slave” and “Schindler’s List” have played significant roles in raising awareness about historical injustices, while documentaries like “An Inconvenient Truth” have drawn attention to urgent environmental concerns.
Furthermore, movies are a form of entertainment that brings people together. The shared experience of watching a movie in a theatre or discussing a film with friends and family creates a sense of community. It provides common ground for people from diverse backgrounds to connect and bond over a shared interest.
In addition to their social impact, movies also contribute significantly to the economy. The film industry generates billions of dollars annually, providing jobs to countless individuals both on and off-screen. This economic impact extends beyond the production of movies to include tourism, merchandising, and various related industries.
In conclusion, movies are not just a source of entertainment; they are a powerful force that shapes our society in multifaceted ways. They influence our culture, beliefs, and values while also serving as a catalyst for social change and economic growth. The impact of movies on society is profound, and their significance in our lives cannot be overstated.

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Movies play a significant role in shaping society by influencing culture, shaping public opinion, fostering community connections, and contributing to economic growth, while also serving as a powerful medium for storytelling and social change.

Summarize Written Text Questions 61

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Gender studies is a dynamic field of academic inquiry that has evolved significantly over the years. It encompasses the study of gender roles, identities, and the impact of societal norms and expectations on individuals.
In recent decades, gender studies has expanded its focus beyond a binary understanding of gender to recognize the complexity and diversity of human identities. It acknowledges that gender is not limited to just male and female but exists on a spectrum. This shift has been essential in acknowledging and respecting the experiences of transgender and non-binary individuals.
Another significant development in gender studies is the intersectionality perspective. It recognizes that gender cannot be studied in isolation but is deeply intertwined with other aspects of identity, such as race, ethnicity, class, and sexuality. This approach has led to a more comprehensive understanding of the experiences of marginalized groups and has informed social justice movements.
Furthermore, gender studies have played a crucial role in raising awareness about issues such as gender-based violence, workplace discrimination, and unequal access to resources. It has been instrumental in advocating for policy changes and promoting social change to address these issues.
Additionally, gender studies have found its way into various disciplines, influencing fields like psychology, sociology, and public health. It has enriched the academic landscape by encouraging scholars to consider the role of gender in their research.
In conclusion, gender studies have undergone significant transformation, embracing a more inclusive and intersectional perspective. It continues to be a driving force in promoting gender equality, challenging stereotypes, and fostering a deeper understanding of the complex interplay between gender and society.

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Gender studies explores the complexities of gender identities, roles, and societal norms, emphasizing intersectionality and advocating for gender equality, social justice, and a deeper understanding of gender’s impact across various disciplines.

Summarize Written Text Questions 62

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Advertising is both an art and a science, combining creativity and strategy to convey messages and influence consumer behavior. In a world inundated with advertisements, the challenge lies in creating impactful and memorable campaigns that resonate with the target audience.
Creativity is at the heart of successful advertising. Eye-catching visuals, compelling storytelling, and memorable slogans can make an advertisement stand out from the crowd. Creative advertisements not only capture attention but also leave a lasting impression, making consumers more likely to remember the brand or product.However, creativity alone is not enough. Effective advertising also relies on a deep understanding of consumer behavior and market dynamics. Market research, data analysis, and consumer insights are crucial components of the advertising process. By identifying the needs, preferences, and motivations of their target audience, advertisers can tailor their messages to elicit desired responses.
In the digital age, advertising has evolved with the advent of online platforms and social media. Digital advertising allows for precise targeting, ensuring that messages reach the right people at the right time. It also enables interactivity, engagement, and real-time feedback, enhancing the overall effectiveness of campaigns .Ethical considerations are another essential aspect of advertising. Advertisers must strike a balance between promoting their products or services and respecting consumer privacy and rights. Misleading or manipulative advertising practices can damage brand reputation and erode consumer trust.
In conclusion, effective advertising requires a harmonious blend of creativity and strategy. Creative elements capture attention and leave a lasting impression, while data-driven insights ensure that messages are tailored to resonate with the target audience. As the advertising landscape continues to evolve, ethical considerations and digital innovations will shape the future of the industry.

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Advertising is a combination of creativity and strategy, using eye-catching visuals and data-driven insights to influence consumer behavior, while ensuring ethical practices and adapting to digital platforms for more precise and engaging campaigns.

Summarize Written Text Questions 63

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History, as a discipline, is not merely about recounting past events; it is a vital tool for understanding our present and shaping our future. The study of history provides us with insights into human behavior, societal trends, and the consequences of past actions.
One of the most crucial aspects of history is its role in fostering critical thinking. Historians analyze primary and secondary sources, question biases, and construct narratives based on evidence. This analytical approach encourages individuals to think critically, evaluate information, and make informed decisions in various aspects of life.
Furthermore, history offers valuable lessons. By examining the successes and failures of past societies, we can learn from their experiences. For example, studying the consequences of wars, conflicts, and diplomatic efforts helps us understand the importance of diplomacy, negotiation, and conflict resolution in today’s globalized world.
History also plays a significant role in shaping national and cultural identities. It helps communities connect with their roots, understand their heritage, and preserve their traditions. It fosters a sense of belonging and pride, contributing to social cohesion.
Moreover, history is a tool for preventing the repetition of past mistakes. The knowledge of historical injustices, such as genocide, discrimination, and human rights abuses, serves as a reminder of the need to protect human dignity and promote equality.
In conclusion, history is not confined to the past; it is a living discipline that informs our present and guides our future. Through critical thinking, valuable lessons, cultural identity, and the prevention of historical mistakes, history continues to shape societies, nations, and individuals, making it an indispensable field of study.

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History is not just the study of past events, but a vital tool for understanding the present, fostering critical thinking, shaping identities, and preventing the repetition of past mistakes.

Summarize Written Text Questions 64

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Rosalind Franklin’s contributions to the discovery of DNA structure remain one of the most compelling narratives in the annals of scientific research. Born in 1920 in London, Franklin was a gifted scientist whose work in X-ray crystallography was instrumental in understanding the molecular structure of DNA.
Franklin’s journey in science began at Cambridge University, where her passion for chemistry and physics blossomed. Her most significant work unfolded at King’s College London, where she used X-ray diffraction methods to study DNA. Franklin’s photographs, particularly Photo 51, revealed critical clues about DNA’s structure. Her images showed DNA to be a double helix, a discovery that was pivotal to the work of James Watson and Francis Crick, who later won the Nobel Prize for this groundbreaking finding.
Despite her crucial role, Franklin’s contributions were overshadowed in a male-dominated field, and her work was only fully recognized posthumously. She faced gender-based discrimination, yet remained undeterred in her pursuit of scientific excellence. Franklin’s dedication to her research was unwavering, even as she battled ovarian cancer, which tragically cut her life short at the age of 37.
Today, Rosalind Franklin is celebrated as a pioneering figure in molecular biology. Her legacy lives on, not only in the realm of DNA research but also as an inspiration for women in science. She broke barriers and paved the way for future generations of female scientists, showing the world the invaluable contributions women can make in the field of science and research.
In conclusion, Rosalind Franklin’s story is a poignant reminder of the unrecognized heroes of scientific discovery. Her determination, expertise, and significant findings in DNA structure have left an indelible mark on the world of science and medicine.

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Rosalind Franklin’s groundbreaking work in X-ray crystallography, particularly Photo 51, was instrumental in revealing DNA’s double-helix structure, though her contributions were overshadowed and only fully recognized posthumously.

Summarize Written Text Questions 65

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Jonas Salk’s legacy as a developer of the polio vaccine marks a monumental milestone in medical history. Born in 1914 in New York City, Salk’s journey in medicine was driven by a deep-seated desire to alleviate human suffering. His work revolutionized the field of virology and transformed public health.
Salk’s early career was marked by his interest in influenza, leading him to develop techniques for vaccine creation. However, his focus shifted to the poliovirus in the 1940s, a time when polio epidemics were a source of widespread fear, primarily affecting children. Salk embarked on a mission to develop a vaccine, working tirelessly at the University of Pittsburgh.
In 1955, after years of research and clinical trials, Salk’s polio vaccine was declared safe and effective. It was a moment of global celebration. The vaccine not only offered protection against the crippling disease but also represented hope and progress in medical science. Salk’s refusal to patent the vaccine, making it freely available, demonstrated his commitment to humanity over personal gain.
Salk’s contribution went beyond polio. He founded the Salk Institute for Biological Studies in 1963, fostering scientific research and innovation. His vision was for a collaborative environment where researchers could explore the complexities of life and disease.
Despite his achievements, Salk remained humble, often saying, “The reward for work well done is the opportunity to do more.” He passed away in 1995, leaving behind a legacy of compassion, dedication, and groundbreaking medical advancements.

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Jonas Salk’s development of the polio vaccine revolutionized public health, saving millions of lives, and his selfless dedication to science and humanity continues to inspire medical innovation.

Summarize Written Text Questions 66

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Elizabeth Blackwell’s journey to becoming the first woman to receive a medical degree in the United States is a story of resilience and determination in the face of immense obstacles. Born in 1821 in Bristol, England, Blackwell moved to the United States with her family at a young age. Her interest in medicine was sparked by a dying friend who expressed that a female physician would have made her medical experience less traumatic.
Despite widespread prejudice against women in medicine at the time, Blackwell was undeterred. She applied to several medical schools, facing rejection after rejection. Finally, she was admitted to Geneva Medical College in New York, where she graduated first in her class in 1849, breaking barriers for women in the field of medicine.
Blackwell’s contributions extended beyond her personal achievements. She was an ardent advocate for women in medicine, establishing the New York Infirmary for Women and Children with her sister, Dr. Emily Blackwell, and Dr. Marie Zakrzewska. This institution not only provided medical care to the underserved but also offered training and experience for women medical practitioners.
Blackwell also authored several books, including “The Laws of Life with Special Reference to the Physical Education of Girls,” advocating for women’s health and education. Her efforts paved the way for generations of women in medicine, challenging societal norms and opening doors for future female physicians.
Elizabeth Blackwell’s legacy is one of courage, tenacity, and dedication to advancing the role of women in medicine. Her groundbreaking achievements serve as a testament to the power of perseverance and the importance of challenging the status quo in pursuit of equality and progress in healthcare.

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Elizabeth Blackwell’s unwavering determination led her to become the first woman in the U.S. to earn a medical degree, breaking barriers in medicine and advocating for women’s healthcare and education.

Summarize Written Text Questions 67

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The field of personalized medicine, an approach that tailors medical treatment to the individual characteristics of each patient, has made significant strides in recent years, revolutionizing the way we approach healthcare. This innovative medical model takes into account differences in people’s genes, environments, and lifestyles, moving away from the traditional “one-size-fits-all” approach to treatment. Central to this advancement is the integration of genomic medicine, which utilizes genetic information to guide the diagnosis and treatment of diseases. For instance, cancer therapy has been transformed by personalized medicine, allowing doctors to select treatments based on the genetic makeup of an individual’s tumor. This approach can increase the efficacy of treatment while reducing side effects, as medications can be tailored to how a patient’s body will likely respond.
Another key aspect of personalized medicine is the use of biomarkers – biological molecules found in blood, other body fluids, or tissues – which provide a snapshot of a person’s health. Biomarkers can predict the risk of disease, confirm a diagnosis, or monitor the progress of treatment, thereby improving patient care. Personalized medicine also extends to preventive health. With genetic testing, individuals can understand their susceptibility to certain diseases and take proactive steps to prevent them. This approach not only enhances patient outcomes but also can lead to cost savings in the healthcare system by reducing unnecessary treatments and hospitalizations.
In conclusion, personalized medicine represents a paradigm shift in healthcare. By focusing on the individual’s unique genetic and biological makeup, it offers a more effective, efficient, and patient-centered approach to diagnosis and treatment. As research and technology continue to advance, personalized medicine is set to play an increasingly vital role in the future of healthcare.

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Personalized medicine tailors treatments based on an individual’s genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors, enhancing effectiveness, reducing side effects, and revolutionizing modern healthcare.

Summarize Written Text Questions 68

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Stem cell research, a vital and continuously evolving field in biology and medicine, promises transformative advances in regenerative medicine. Stem cells are unique in their ability to develop into different cell types in the body, offering potential remedies for various diseases, including degenerative conditions and severe injuries. At the forefront of this research is the study of both embryonic and adult stem cells.
Embryonic stem cells, derived from early-stage embryos, have the remarkable capacity to differentiate into any cell type, making them invaluable for developing new therapies. Adult stem cells, found in tissues like bone marrow and skin, have a more limited capacity for transformation but are crucial for tissue repair and regeneration. One of the most significant breakthroughs has been in the area of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Scientists have learned to reprogram adult cells into an embryonic-like state, allowing them to generate any cell type. This innovation not only circumvents ethical concerns associated with embryonic stem cells but also opens up personalized treatment possibilities.
Stem cell research has already led to notable advances, such as the use of stem cells in bone marrow transplants for leukemia patients. Ongoing research aims to harness stem cells for repairing damaged tissues and organs, potentially offering cures for conditions like Parkinson’s disease, spinal cord injuries, and diabetes. Despite the promise, stem cell research faces scientific and ethical challenges, including the risk of cell rejection and ethical considerations in the use of embryonic cells. Nevertheless, the potential of stem cells to revolutionize medicine remains an exciting and hopeful prospect.
In conclusion, stem cell research stands at the cutting edge of regenerative medicine, offering unprecedented opportunities to treat and potentially cure a wide range of diseases. As research progresses, it holds the key to unlocking new frontiers in medical treatment and human health.

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Stem cell research, a groundbreaking field in regenerative medicine, offers immense potential for treating diseases by harnessing the ability of stem cells to repair and regenerate damaged tissues.

Summarize Written Text Questions 69

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Bioluminescence, the extraordinary ability of some organisms to produce light, is one of nature’s most fascinating phenomena. Found in a variety of creatures, from deep-sea squids to fireflies, bioluminescence serves a range of unique functions in the biological world. This natural glow is the result of a chemical reaction within the organism, involving a light-emitting molecule called luciferin and an enzyme known as luciferase. The color of the light produced can vary from green to blue, and even red, depending on the species and the environment in which they live. In the deep sea, bioluminescence is often used for survival strategies. Many marine creatures, such as the anglerfish, use their luminous ability to attract prey or mates in the darkness of the ocean depths. Some species emit light to confuse predators or as a defense mechanism to avoid being eaten. On land, fireflies are among the most well-known bioluminescent organisms. These insects use their light as a communication tool to attract mates. The pattern of flashes is unique to each species, helping them find suitable partners. Research into bioluminescence is not just limited to understanding these organisms but extends to its application in science and medicine. Bioluminescent proteins have been used in research to track the spread of cancer cells, monitor bacterial growth, and even detect environmental pollutants. In conclusion, bioluminescence is a remarkable example of nature’s ingenuity. It not only adds beauty to the natural world but also plays a critical role in the survival of various species. With ongoing research, the secrets of bioluminescence continue to illuminate our understanding of life and offer exciting possibilities in scientific discovery.

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Bioluminescence, the natural ability of organisms to produce light, serves survival functions in nature and has valuable applications in scientific and medical research.

Summarize Written Text Questions 70

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The intricate relationship between the gut and the brain, often termed the “gut-brain axis,” has emerged as a fascinating area in medical and psychological research. This connection suggests that the state of our digestive system can have a profound impact on our mental health, shedding light on the interplay between diet, digestion, and psychological well-being.
Central to this connection is the microbiome, the vast community of microorganisms living in our intestines. These microbes not only aid in digestion but also produce neurotransmitters and other chemicals that can affect mood and cognition. For instance, a significant portion of the body’s serotonin, a key neurotransmitter involved in mood regulation, is produced in the gut.
Recent studies have shown that alterations in gut microbiota can be linked to various psychological conditions, including anxiety, depression, and stress. For example, certain probiotics, known as “psychobiotics,” have been found to potentially alleviate symptoms of depression and anxiety by influencing the gut-brain axis.
Diet plays a crucial role in shaping our gut microbiome. Foods rich in fiber, probiotics, and omega-3 fatty acids can promote a healthy gut, potentially leading to improved mental health. Conversely, a diet high in processed and high-sugar foods can negatively impact the microbiome, potentially exacerbating psychological issues.
The gut-brain axis also highlights the importance of a holistic approach to health. Stress management, exercise, and a balanced diet are not only beneficial for physical health but also for maintaining a healthy mind-gut relationship.
In conclusion, the mind-gut connection opens a new realm in understanding mental health, emphasizing the role of the gut microbiome in psychological well-being. This emerging field underscores the need for integrated approaches in treating mental health disorders, considering both psychological and physiological factors.

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The gut-brain axis highlights the profound connection between digestive health and mental well-being, emphasizing the role of the microbiome, diet, and lifestyle in psychological health.

Summarize Written Text Questions 71

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Neuroplasticity, the brain’s ability to reorganize itself by forming new neural connections throughout life, has become a key concept in understanding mental health and resilience. This remarkable characteristic of the brain is not only fundamental to learning and memory but also plays a crucial role in recovery from brain injury and coping with psychological disorders.
Traditionally, it was believed that the brain’s structure was relatively fixed after childhood. However, recent research has shown that the brain remains plastic and malleable well into adulthood. This adaptability allows the brain to compensate for injury and adjust to new situations or changes in the environment.
In the context of mental health, neuroplasticity offers a hopeful perspective. This suggests that with the right interventions, such as therapy, medication, and lifestyle changes, it is possible to rewire the brain and alleviate symptoms of mental disorders. For instance, cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) has been shown to change patterns of thinking and behavior, which is reflected in changes in brain activity.
Furthermore, practices like mindfulness and meditation have been found to promote neuroplasticity. These activities can lead to structural changes in areas of the brain associated with attention, emotion regulation, and self-awareness, contributing to improved mental health.
Physical exercise is another factor that positively influences neuroplasticity. Regular physical activity is known to enhance cognitive function and may even protect against cognitive decline in later life.
Neuroplasticity also plays a role in resilience and the ability to bounce back from adversity. By understanding and harnessing this adaptability of the brain, individuals can develop coping strategies to overcome challenges and improve their mental well-being.
In conclusion, the concept of neuroplasticity is reshaping our understanding of mental health and recovery. It underscores the brain’s capacity for change and adaptation, offering a pathway for healing and resilience in the face of psychological challenges.

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Neuroplasticity highlights the brain’s ability to adapt and rewire itself, offering hope for recovery, mental resilience, and cognitive growth through therapy, mindfulness, and lifestyle changes.

Summarize Written Text Questions 72

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The intricate relationship between sleep and mental health has been a subject of growing interest in the fields of psychology and medicine. Quality sleep is not merely a physical necessity but also a crucial component of emotional and psychological well-being. The impact of sleep on mental health is profound, influencing mood, cognitive function, and overall mental resilience.
Sleep disturbances, such as insomnia or disrupted sleep patterns, are common in various psychiatric disorders, including depression, anxiety, and bipolar disorder. These disturbances can exacerbate symptoms, creating a vicious cycle where poor sleep contributes to worsening mental health, which in turn leads to further sleep problems. The role of sleep in emotional regulation is particularly significant. During sleep, especially in the rapid eye movement (REM) phase, emotional processing occurs. This is when the brain processes and consolidates emotions and experiences from the day. Inadequate sleep can impair this process, leading to heightened emotional reactivity and difficulty managing stress.
Furthermore, sleep is essential for cognitive functions like memory, attention, and decision-making. Chronic sleep deprivation can impair these cognitive processes, affecting daily functioning and productivity. It can also increase the risk of developing mental health issues or exacerbate existing conditions. The bidirectional relationship between sleep and mental health suggests that improving sleep quality can have a beneficial impact on mental health. Strategies such as maintaining a regular sleep schedule, creating a restful sleeping environment, and practicing relaxation techniques before bed can promote better sleep.
In conclusion, the link between sleep and mental health is undeniable. Prioritizing quality sleep is essential not only for physical health but also for maintaining and improving mental health. Understanding and addressing sleep issues is an important step in promoting overall psychological well-being.

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The link between sleep and mental health is crucial, as sleep quality impacts mood, cognitive function, and emotional regulation. Sleep disturbances often worsen psychiatric conditions, creating a cycle that affects overall well-being. Improving sleep habits can positively influence mental health.

Summarize Written Text Questions 73

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Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD), a type of depression related to changes in seasons, is a compelling example of the complex relationship between our biological rhythms and mental health. Predominantly occurring in the winter months, SAD is characterized by symptoms such as low mood, lethargy, and a loss of interest in everyday activities.
Biologically, SAD is linked to reduced exposure to sunlight during shorter winter days. This decrease in sunlight can disrupt our body’s internal clock, or circadian rhythm, which regulates sleep, hormone production, and mood. The lack of light can also lead to lower serotonin levels, a neurotransmitter associated with mood regulation, and an increase in melatonin production, which can induce sleepiness and affect mood. Interestingly, not everyone is affected by SAD in the same way, suggesting that genetic factors may also play a role. Some individuals may be predispositioned to the disorder, making them more susceptible to changes in light and seasonal shifts.
Treatment for SAD often includes light therapy, which involves exposure to artificial light that mimics natural outdoor light, helping to regulate the circadian rhythm. Other approaches include psychotherapy, medications, and lifestyle changes such as increasing physical activity and spending more time outdoors. Recognizing the symptoms of SAD is crucial for timely intervention. It is important to distinguish between a simple ‘winter blues’ and the more severe symptoms of SAD that impact daily functioning. Awareness and understanding of this disorder can lead to better management and improved mental health during the challenging winter months.
In conclusion, Seasonal Affective Disorder exemplifies the intricate connection between environmental factors, our biological systems, and mental health. By acknowledging and addressing the unique challenges of SAD, we can better support those affected and enhance our overall approach to mental well-being.

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Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) is a type of depression triggered by reduced sunlight in winter, leading to symptoms like low mood and lethargy, which can be managed through light therapy, psychotherapy, and lifestyle changes.

Summarize Written Text Questions 74

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The profound impact of physical exercise on mental health is an area of increasing interest in both medical and psychological fields. Regular exercise is not only beneficial for physical fitness and combating diseases; it also plays a significant role in enhancing mental well-being and alleviating symptoms of mental health disorders. Exercise has been shown to release endorphins, often referred to as the body’s natural mood lifters. These chemicals in the brain enhance our sense of well-being and can reduce the perception of pain. Beyond endorphins, exercise also stimulates the release of neurotransmitters like serotonin and norepinephrine, which can alleviate feelings of depression and anxiety. Studies have consistently demonstrated that regular physical activity can significantly reduce symptoms of depression. For some individuals, it can be as effective as antidepressant medication. Moreover, exercise is linked to better sleep, reduced stress and anxiety levels, improved memory, and higher self-esteem. Exercise doesn’t have to be intense or time-consuming to be effective. Even moderate activities like walking, yoga, or gardening can make a difference. The key is regularity and finding an activity that is enjoyable, which increases the likelihood of sticking to a routine. However, it’s important to note that while exercise can be a powerful tool in managing mental health, it’s not a standalone cure. It is most effective when used in conjunction with other treatments such as therapy and medication. In conclusion, the connection between exercise and mental health is undeniable. Incorporating regular physical activity into our daily routine can significantly improve mental health outcomes, offering a simple, accessible, and cost-effective tool to enhance mental well-being and enrich overall quality of life.

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Physical exercise has a profound impact on mental health, releasing mood-boosting endorphins and neurotransmitters like serotonin and norepinephrine, which can alleviate symptoms of depression and anxiety, while improving sleep, stress levels, memory, and self-esteem.

Summarize Written Text Questions 75

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In today’s digital age, concerns about digital privacy have become increasingly prevalent and significant. As we embrace the convenience and connectivity of the online world, we must also grapple with the challenges it poses to our personal privacy and security. One of the primary concerns is data privacy.

Tech giants and online platforms collect vast amounts of data on individuals, often without their explicit consent. This data includes personal information, browsing habits, and even location data. The misuse or mishandling of such data can have severe consequences, from identity theft to invasive targeted advertising. Another issue is the erosion of anonymity. Our online activities are often tracked, leaving a digital trail of our behavior and preferences. This loss of anonymity can lead to unwarranted surveillance, online harassment, and the chilling effect on free speech as individuals become hesitant to express their views openly.

Furthermore, the rise of social media has exacerbated concerns about privacy. Sharing personal information and updates on social networks can expose individuals to risks such as cyberbullying, misinformation, and the unintended spread of private content. Legislation and regulations regarding digital privacy are still evolving and often struggle to keep pace with rapid technological advancements. It is essential for individuals to take proactive steps to protect their digital privacy, such as using secure passwords, enabling two-factor authentication, and being cautious about sharing personal information online.

Moreover, raising awareness about digital privacy issues and advocating for stronger privacy protections are crucial steps in addressing this growing concern. As individuals, organizations, and governments work together, we can find a balance between enjoying the benefits of the digital age and safeguarding our fundamental right to privacy.

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In the digital age, concerns about privacy are growing as tech giants collect vast amounts of personal data, eroding anonymity and increasing risks like identity theft, harassment, and surveillance, prompting the need for stronger protections and individual precautions to safeguard privacy.

Summarize Written Text Questions 76

Read the passage below and summarize it using one sentence. Type your response in the box at the bottom of the screen. You have 10 minutes to finish this task. Your response will be judged on the quality of your writing and on how well your response presents the key points in the passage.

Aaron Sorkin is a renowned screenwriter and playwright known for his distinctive style of writing and his ability to craft compelling narratives that captivate audiences. With numerous successful projects to his name, Sorkin has made a significant impact on the world of film and television. One of Sorkin’s most celebrated works is “The West Wing,” a political drama series that ran from 1999 to 2006. The show received critical acclaim for its sharp writing, witty dialogue, and realistic portrayal of the inner workings of the White House.
Sorkin’s script for “The West Wing” earned him multiple Emmy Awards and cemented his reputation as a masterful storyteller. Another notable achievement in Sorkin’s career is his work on “The Social Network,” a 2010 film that explores the founding of Facebook. The film’s screenplay, written by Sorkin, received widespread acclaim and won him an Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay. “The Social Network” is praised for its sharp dialogue and its portrayal of the complexities of modern entrepreneurship and technology.
Sorkin’s recent film, “Molly’s Game,” released in 2017, marked his directorial debut. The movie tells the true story of Molly Bloom, an Olympic-class skier who ran high-stakes poker games for the rich and famous. Sorkin’s script for “Molly’s Game” was lauded for its fast-paced storytelling and dynamic characters. What sets Sorkin apart as a screenwriter is his ability to tackle complex subjects and create characters with depth and nuance.
His distinctive dialogue style, characterized by rapid-fire exchanges and intelligent banter, has become a hallmark of his work. In conclusion, Aaron Sorkin is a prolific and influential screenwriter whose works, such as “The West Wing,” “The Social Network,” and “Molly’s Game,” have left an indelible mark on the world of film and television. His talent for crafting engaging narratives and memorable characters continues to captivate audiences and inspire fellow writers in the industry.

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Aaron Sorkin is a celebrated screenwriter and playwright known for his sharp writing, witty dialogue, and ability to create compelling narratives, with notable works like The West Wing, The Social Network, and Molly’s Game, which have solidified his reputation as a master storyteller.

Summarize Written Text Questions 77

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Interpersonal relationships are a fundamental aspect of human life, influencing our happiness, mental health, and overall well-being. Cultivating strong and healthy relationships with others is a skill that can significantly enrich our lives. Effective communication is the cornerstone of successful interpersonal relationships. It involves active listening, empathy, and open and honest expression of thoughts and feelings.
By understanding and validating the perspectives of others, we can establish trust and rapport. Empathy is another crucial element. Putting ourselves in someone else’s shoes and recognizing their emotions allows us to connect on a deeper level. Empathy fosters compassion and helps resolve conflicts by addressing the needs and concerns of all parties involved. Mutual respect is essential for maintaining healthy relationships. Respecting each other’s boundaries, values, and individuality builds trust and appreciation. It’s important to recognize that differences in opinions and perspectives are natural and can lead to growth and learning.
Conflict resolution skills are vital for addressing disagreements and misunderstandings. Healthy conflict resolution involves active listening, staying calm, and finding mutually agreeable solutions. Avoiding blame and focusing on the issue at hand promotes productive discussions. Setting clear and realistic expectations is also essential. Unrealistic expectations can lead to disappointment and frustration. Openly discussing each other’s needs and goals can help align expectations and foster a more satisfying relationship. Additionally, quality time spent together strengthens bonds.
Sharing experiences, making memories, and engaging in meaningful activities promote connection and intimacy. It’s important to prioritize spending time with loved ones and nurturing those relationships. In conclusion, building strong and healthy interpersonal relationships requires effective communication, empathy, mutual respect, conflict resolution skills, clear expectations, and quality time together. These skills are valuable assets that contribute to our emotional well-being and enrich our lives with meaningful connections and fulfilling relationships.

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Interpersonal relationships are vital to our happiness and well-being, and by practicing effective communication, empathy, mutual respect, conflict resolution, and prioritizing quality time together, we can foster meaningful, fulfilling connections with others.

Summarize Written Text Questions 78

Read the passage below and summarize it using one sentence. Type your response in the box at the bottom of the screen. You have 10 minutes to finish this task. Your response will be judged on the quality of your writing and on how well your response presents the key points in the passage.

Investment markets can be a labyrinth of opportunities and risks. Whether you’re a seasoned investor or a newcomer, understanding the dynamics of these markets is essential for making informed financial decisions.
One of the critical aspects of the investment market is diversification. Spreading your investments across various asset classes can help reduce risk. A well-balanced portfolio may include stocks, bonds, real estate, and alternative investments. Diversification can cushion the impact of market volatility and enhance the potential for long-term returns.
Market research is another key component. Staying informed about economic trends, geopolitical events, and company performance is vital. Many investors rely on financial news, reports, and expert analysis to make informed decisions.
Risk management is also paramount. Assessing your risk tolerance and setting clear investment goals are essential steps. Risk tolerance varies from person to person, and understanding your comfort level can help you determine the appropriate mix of assets in your portfolio.
Moreover, patience is a virtue in investment markets. Markets can fluctuate, and short-term fluctuations are common. Long-term investors often benefit from riding out market volatility and staying committed to their investment strategies.
Furthermore, it’s crucial to stay vigilant about fees and costs associated with investments. High fees can erode your returns over time. Understanding the fees associated with various investment options can help you make cost-effective choices.
Lastly, consider seeking professional advice. Financial advisors can provide valuable insights and help you create an investment strategy tailored to your financial goals and risk tolerance.
In conclusion, investment markets can be complex, but with the right knowledge and approach, they offer opportunities for wealth accumulation and financial growth. Diversification, research, risk management, patience, cost awareness, and professional guidance are essential elements for navigating the intricacies of investment markets successfully.

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Investment markets can be complex, but by focusing on diversification, staying informed, managing risk, being patient, understanding costs, and seeking professional advice, investors can navigate them successfully to achieve long-term financial growth.

Summarize Written Text Questions 79

Read the passage below and summarize it using one sentence. Type your response in the box at the bottom of the screen. You have 10 minutes to finish this task. Your response will be judged on the quality of your writing and on how well your response presents the key points in the passage.

The natural world is a testament to the profound and intricate patterns of growth and change that govern all living things. Whether it’s the growth of a towering oak tree or the transformation of a caterpillar into a butterfly, the rhythms of growth and change are embedded in the very fabric of life. One of the most remarkable aspects of growth is its consistency.
In the world of plants, seeds germinate, roots take hold, and shoots emerge, all guided by the innate wisdom of nature. Animals, too, undergo predictable stages of development as they progress from infancy to adulthood. These processes are governed by genetic instructions that ensure the survival and reproduction of species. Change is another fundamental aspect of growth. As living organisms grow, they undergo numerous transformations. For example, the seasons bring about dramatic changes in the natural world.
Trees shed their leaves in the fall, only to bud new ones in the spring. Animals molt, migrate, and hibernate in response to changing environmental conditions. The concept of metamorphosis, as seen in the transformation of a caterpillar into a butterfly, illustrates the marvels of growth and change. This process involves a series of distinct stages, each with a specific purpose. The caterpillar, a voracious eater, prepares for its final transformation by storing energy and building a chrysalis. Inside the chrysalis, the caterpillar undergoes a remarkable metamorphosis, emerging as a completely different creature with wings that enable it to fly.
Ultimately, these patterns of growth and change remind us of the resilience and adaptability of life in the natural world. They highlight the interconnectedness of all living things and the importance of preserving and protecting our environment to ensure the continued growth and evolution of the diverse species that call our planet home.

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The natural world showcases the remarkable consistency and transformation of growth, as plants and animals follow predictable developmental patterns and undergo profound changes, such as metamorphosis, reflecting the resilience and interconnectedness of life, while emphasizing the importance of environmental preservation for sustaining biodiversity.

Summarize Written Text Questions 80

Read the passage below and summarize it using one sentence. Type your response in the box at the bottom of the screen. You have 10 minutes to finish this task. Your response will be judged on the quality of your writing and on how well your response presents the key points in the passage.

Literature is a timeless treasure trove of human expression and imagination. Through the written word, authors have crafted stories, poems, and plays that transport readers to different worlds, evoke emotions, and challenge perspectives.
Let’s embark on a journey to explore the rich tapestry of literary works that have left an indelible mark on our hearts and minds. One of the most celebrated literary works is “To Kill a Mockingbird” by Harper Lee. This novel, set in the American South during the 1930s, delves into issues of racism, justice, and morality through the eyes of young Scout Finch. With its powerful themes and memorable characters, “To Kill a Mockingbird” continues to be a thought-provoking and influential work. In the realm of poetry, the works of Emily Dickinson stand out. Her concise yet profound poems explore themes of nature, love, and the human experience. Dickinson’s unique style and use of imagery have made her one of the most beloved and studied poets in American literature. Shakespeare’s plays, including “Romeo and Juliet,” “Hamlet,” and “Macbeth,” remain timeless classics.
His mastery of language, intricate plots, and exploration of universal themes like love, ambition, and power have ensured his enduring legacy in the world of literature. Contemporary literature has also produced remarkable works. Arundhati Roy’s “The God of Small Things” is a modern masterpiece that weaves a complex narrative of family, love, and societal norms in India. The novel’s lyrical prose and evocative storytelling have earned it critical acclaim and a dedicated readership.
Literary works have the power to transcend time and place, offering readers a window into the human condition. Each work carries its own unique voice and perspective, inviting us to reflect on our own lives and the world around us. As we delve into the pages of these literary treasures, we embark on a journey of discovery, empathy, and enlightenment, finding solace and inspiration in the beauty of words.

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Literature is a timeless treasure that immerses readers in different worlds, evoking emotions and challenging perspectives, with celebrated works like Harper Lee’s To Kill a Mockingbird, Emily Dickinson’s poetry, Shakespeare’s plays, and Arundhati Roy’s The God of Small Things continuing to leave a profound impact, offering insights into the human condition and inspiring reflection and empathy.

Summarize Written Text Questions 81

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If women are so far ahead of men, why are they so far behind? Reports from both sides of the Atlantic show that female students dominate university courses, yet women still do not make it to the top.
A report on inequality in the UK said last week that girls had better educational results than boys at 16, went to university in greater numbers and achieved better degrees once they got there. “More women now have higher education qualifications than men in every age group up to age 44,” the report said.
In the US, 57 per cent of college graduates in 2006-07 were women. Women form the majority of all graduates under 45.
Yet few women make it to the boards of companies in either country. In the UK, the proportion of women on FTSE 100 boards rose fractionally from 11.7 per cent to 12.2 per cent last year, according to the Cranfield University School of Management, but that was only because of a fall in the size of the boards.

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Despite outperforming men academically and graduating in higher numbers, women remain underrepresented in top corporate leadership roles, with limited representation on boards.

Summarize Written Text Questions 82

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The British Crime Survey (BCS) provides an important source of information about levels of crime, public attitudes to crime and other related issues. The results play an important role in informing Home Office policy. The BCS measures the amount of crime in England and Wales by asking people about crimes they have experienced in the last year. This includes crimes not reported to the police, so it is an important alternative to police records. Victims do not report crime for various reasons, and without the BCS there would be no official source of information on these unreported crimes. Because members of the public are asked directly about their experiences, the survey also provides a consistent measure of crime that is unaffected by the extent to which crimes are reported to the police, or by changes in the criteria used by the police when recording crime. The survey also helps to identify those most at risk of different types of crime, and this helps in the planning of crime prevention programs.
The BCS also examines people’s attitudes to crime, such as how much they fear crime and what measures they take to avoid it. The survey also covers attitudes to the Criminal Justice System (CJS), including the police and the courts, and has also been successful at developing special measures to estimate the extent of domestic violence, stalking and sexual victimization, which are probably the least reported to the police, but among the most serious of crimes in their impact on victims.

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The British Crime Survey (BCS) provides valuable data on crime levels, public attitudes, and unreported crimes, helping inform policy and crime prevention efforts, while also offering insights into attitudes towards the Criminal Justice System and sensitive issues like domestic violence and sexual victimization.

Summarize Written Text Questions 83

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People differ greatly in all aspects of what is casually known as intelligence. The differences are apparent not only in school, from kindergarten to college, but also in the most ordinary circumstances: in the words people use and comprehend, in their differing abilities to read a map or follow directions, or in their capacities for remembering telephone numbers or figuring change. The variations in these specific skills are so common that they are often taken for granted. Yet what makes people so different?
It would be reasonable to think that the environment is the source of differences in cognitive skills – that we are what we learn. It is clear, for example, that human beings are not born with a full vocabulary; they have to learn words. Hence, learning must be the mechanism by which differences in vocabulary arise among individuals. And differences in experience – say, in the extent to which parents model and encourage vocabulary skills or in the quality of language training provided by schools – must be responsible for individual differences in learning.
Earlier in this century, psychology was in fact dominated by environmental explanations for variance in cognitive abilities. More recently, however, most psychologists have begun to embrace a more balanced view: one in which nature and nurture interact in cognitive development. During the past few decades, studies in genetics have pointed to a substantial role for heredity in molding the components of intellect, and researchers have even begun to track down the genes involved in cognitive function. These findings do not refute the notion that environmental factors shape the learning process. Instead they suggest that differences in people’s genes affect how easily they learn.

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People differ in cognitive abilities due to a combination of environmental factors and genetic influences, with genetics playing a significant role in how easily individuals learn, while environmental factors like vocabulary exposure and learning experiences also contribute to these differences.

Summarize Written Text Questions 84

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When people start thinking about language, the first question which often occurs to them is this: is language natural to humans? – in the same way that grunting is natural to pigs, and barking comes naturally to dogs. Or is it just something we happen to have learned? – in the same way that dogs may learn to beg, or elephants may learn to waltz, or humans may learn to play the guitar.
Clearly, in one sense, children ‘learn’ whatever language they are exposed to, be it Chinese, Nootka or English. So no one would deny that ‘learning’ is very important. But the crucial question is whether children are born with ‘blank sheets’ in their head as far as language is concerned – or whether humans are ‘programmed’ with an outline knowledge of the structure of languages in general. This question of whether language is partly due to nature or wholly due to learning or nurture is often referred to as the nature-nurture controversy and has been discussed for centuries. For example, it was the topic of one of Plato’s dialogues, the Cratylus.
Controversies which have been going on for literally ages tend to behave in a characteristic fashion. They lie dormant for a while, then break out fiercely. This particular issue resurfaced in linguistics in 1959 when the linguist Noam Chomsky wrote a devastating and witty review of Verbal Behavior, a book by the Harvard psychologist B.F. Skinner (Skinner 1957; Chomsky 1959). This book claimed to ‘explain’ language as a set of habits gradually built up over the years. According to Skinner, no complicated innate or mental mechanisms are needed. All that is necessary is the systematic observation of the events in the external world which prompt the speaker to utter sounds.

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The nature-nurture controversy regarding language explores whether humans are born with an innate ability to learn language or whether language is entirely learned through exposure, a debate reignited in 1959 by Noam Chomsky’s critique of B.F. Skinner’s theory of language acquisition as a set of learned habits.

Summarize Written Text Questions 85

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Many technologies have promised these qualities, but few have been commercially viable. What’s been lacking is the performance data needed to demonstrate that these technologies are durable, genuinely environmentally beneficial, and suitable to be insured. Over the past 13 years, our Department of Architecture & Civil Engineering has led on research into straw as a low-impact building material. This work, which has included developing a unique straw bale panel as well as scientific monitoring and testing, has now culminated in crucial industry certifications. The BM TRADA’s Q-Mark certification guarantees a straw building’s energy efficiency, fire safety, durability and weather resilience and means that developers and homebuyers can now get insurance and mortgages for straw homes and buildings. The innovative straw walls in the new houses provide two times more insulation than required by current UK building regulations. Based on monitoring a residential straw-bale development in Leeds, fuel bill reductions up to 90% can be expected. The walls have been built using ModCell technology; prefabricated panels consisting of a wooden structural frame infilled with straw bales or hemp and rendered with either a breathable lime-based system or ventilated timber or brick cladding. This technology combines the lowest carbon footprint and the best operational CO2 performance of any system of construction currently available. In fact, as an agricultural co-product, straw buildings can be carbon negative as straw absorbs CO2 when it grows.

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Straw, as a low-impact building material, has gained industry certifications ensuring its durability, energy efficiency, and environmental benefits, making it now viable for insurance and mortgages, with research showing up to 90% fuel bill reductions in straw-bale homes.

Summarize Written Text Questions 86

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Banks provide short-term finance to companies in the form of an overdraft on a current account. The advantage of an overdraft is its flexibility. When the cash needs of the company increase with seasonal factors, the company can continue to write cheques and watch the overdraft increase. When the goods and services are sold and cash begins to flow in, the company should be able to watch the overdraft decrease again. The most obvious example of a business which operates in this pattern is farming. The farmer uses the overdraft to finance the acquisition of seed for arable farming, or feed through the winter for stock farming and to cover the period when the crops or animals are growing and maturing. The overdraft is reduced when the crops or the animals are sold.
The main disadvantage of an overdraft is that it is repayable on demand. The farmer whose crop fails because of bad weather knows the problem of being unable to repay the overdraft. Having overdraft financing increases the worries of those who manage the company. The other disadvantage is that the interest payable on overdrafts is variable. When interest rates increase, the cost of the overdraft increases. Furthermore, for small companies, there are often complaints that the rate of interest charged is high compared with that available to larger companies. The banks answer that the rates charged reflect relative risk and it is their experience that small companies are more risky.

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Overdrafts offer flexibility for companies, especially in sectors like farming, by covering seasonal cash flow gaps, but they come with the risk of being repayable on demand and variable interest rates, which can increase costs, especially for smaller companies.

Summarize Written Text Questions 87

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The Brundtland Report, Our Common Future (1987), defines sustainable development as “development which meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs’. Implicit in this definition is the idea that the old pattern of development could not be sustained. Is this true? Development in the past was driven by growth and innovation. It led to new technologies and huge improvements in living standards. To assume that we know what the circumstances or needs of future generations will be is mistaken and inevitably leads to the debilitating sense that we are living on borrowed time.
Only if we assume that society will remain static can we understand the needs of the future? The way we live today could not have been predicted twenty years ago. The sustainability paradigm fails to recognize this. It is a static view and thus places limits on human ingenuity. Similarly, a whole host of false assumptions dominate environmental thought; the scale of problems is exaggerated, the number of resources is underestimated and spurious links are made between areas such as green policies and profit, poverty, and environmental degradation. Those of us who want a better future need to question these assumptions.

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The Brundtland Report’s definition of sustainable development suggests that the past development model cannot be sustained, but this view is criticized for assuming future needs can be predicted, limiting human creativity, and exaggerating environmental issues while underestimating resources.

Summarize Written Text Questions 88

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The ways of life Upper Paleolithic people are known through the remains of meals scattered around their hearths, together with many tools and weapons and the debris leftover from their making. The people were hunter-gathers who lived exclusively from what they could find in nature without practicing either agriculture or herding. They hunted the bigger herbivores, while berries, leaves, roots, wild fruit, and mushrooms probably played a major role in their diet. Their hunting was indiscriminate; perhaps because so many animals were about they did not need to spare pregnant females or the young. In the cave of Enlene, for example, many bones of reindeer and bison fetuses were found. Apparently, Upper Paleolithic people hunted like other predators and killed the weakest prey first. They did, however, sometimes concentrate on salmon suns and migrating herds of reindeer. Contrary to popular beliefs about a caveman, upper Paleolithic people did not live deep inside caves. They rather close the foot of cliffs, especially when an overhang provided good shelter. On the plains and in the valleys, they used tents made from hides of the animals they killed. At time, on the great Russian plains, they built huts with huge boned and tusks collected from skeletons of mammals.
Men hunted mostly with spears, the bow and arrow were probably not invented until the Magdalenian period that came at the end of the Upper Paleolithic. Tools and weapons, made out of wood or reindeer antlers, often had flint cutting edges. Flint snappers were skillful and traditions in flint snapping were purchased for thousands of years. This continuity means that they must have been carefully thought how to find good flint modules and how to snap them in order to make knives, buries (chisel-like tools), or scrapers, which could be used for various purposes.

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Upper Paleolithic people were hunter-gatherers who relied on hunting large herbivores and gathering plants, using tools like spears and flint knives, and living near cliffs or in tents made from animal hides.

Summarize Written Text Questions 89

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In 2005 Japan had the highest median age of all countries in the world, while Australia’s population was only moderately aged. Some 50 years ago the demographic situation was quite different, with the median age of Australia’s population being seven years older than Japan’s.
The aging of the population is a major issue for Australian policymakers, particularly in regard to the long-term implications for reduced economic growth and the increasing demand for Age Pensions, and health and aged care services. As the population ages, growth in the number of people of working age will slow, while the proportion of people of retirement age will increase.
Sustained population aging also leads to slowing or negative population growth. While declining population growth in developed countries is welcomed by some environmentalists and social scientists, economists tend to agree that population decline brings gloomy economic prospects. In addition to the decrease in the labor supply, the demand side of the economy may be affected through shrinking markets for goods and services.
How quickly this occurs depends on the dynamics of fertility, mortality, and overseas migration. While a moderate pace of demographic change allows for gradual adjustment of the economy and policies to the changing population demographics, rapid changes are more difficult to manage. As a result, governments and society as a whole may need to take actions to address these issues. But how severe is the ageing of Australia’s population, relative to other countries?
One way of applying a degree of perspective to the ageing debate is to compare ageing in Australia with that of other countries. This article examines the population structures in Australia and Japan and the demographic forces that shape the respective populations, both historically and projections for the future.

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Japan has the highest median age in the world, while Australia’s aging population is a growing concern for policymakers due to potential economic challenges, including a shrinking labor force and increased demand for age-related services.

Summarize Written Text Questions 90

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According to new research, house mice (Mus musculus) are ideal biomarkers of human settlement as they tend to stow away in crates or on ships that end up going where people go.
Using mice as a proxy for human movement can add to what is already known through archaeological data and answer important questions in areas where there is a lack of artifacts, Searle said.
Where people go, so do mice, often stowing away in carts of hay or on ships. Despite a natural range of just 100 meters (109 yards) and an evolutionary base near Pakistan, the house mouse has managed to colonize every continent, which makes it a useful tool for researchers like Searle.
Previous research conducted by Searle at the University of York supported the theory that Australian mice originated in the British Isles and probably came over with convicts shipped there to colonize the continent in the late 18th and 19th centuries.
In the Viking study, he and his fellow researchers in Iceland, Denmark and Sweden took it a step further, using ancient mouse DNA collected from archaeological sites dating from the 10th to 12th centuries, as well as modern mice.
He is hoping to do just that in his next project, which involves tracking the migration of mice and other species, including plants, across the Indian Ocean, from South Asia to East Africa.

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New research suggests that house mice (Mus musculus) are valuable biomarkers of human settlement, as they tend to travel with people in crates or on ships, helping researchers track human migration patterns and complement archaeological data.

Summarize Written Text Questions 91

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Many insecurities, fears, and doubts stem from a lack of understanding or lack of knowledge about something. The more you understand and know about a situation, the more comfortable you will be and thus the less power your shyness will have over you.
Let’s take for example the subject of public speaking. This is an activity that terrifies most people half to death, but only because most people don’t have much knowledge about it. If you do some research and investigation, you’ll come to learn that it’s perfectly natural to be terrified of public speaking and that almost every single person has the same fears and insecurities that you do.
When you take it further and ask yourself why you are so terrified of this, you’ll come to learn that you are scared of being judged, or of being laughed at. From there, you can go and read and learn about people who are good at public speaking learn their tips and strategies.
This way you are much more prepared because your knowledge of the subject is vast. As a result of this, your confidence will already be much higher than before, which might allow you to attempt public speaking when you join a club like Toastmasters. As you practice more, you will naturally become even more confident.
This rule applies to any area where you feel insecure. Read and research as much about the topic as possible. This will help increase your confidence enough to give the activity a try to see if you might be able to become better at it. And that initial confidence to take action is all you need to get the ball rolling and overcome your shyness.

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Many insecurities, fears, and doubts arise from a lack of knowledge, and the more you learn about something, the more comfortable you will feel, reducing the power of your shyness. For example, public speaking terrifies many, but understanding it’s a common fear and learning tips from experienced speakers can boost your confidence and help you take action, eventually overcoming your insecurities.

Summarize Written Text Questions 92

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The advantages and disadvantages of solar power compared to other forms of renewable energy have been greatly debated. While obviously superior to some forms of energy, solar power’s high cost and efficiency dependent on geography have limited its appeal. However, a large number of advantages also merit further development and even possible adaptation for residences.
Advantages of Solar Power
Solar energy remains popular because it is both a renewable and clean source of energy. These advantages along with the hope that eventually nations can use solar power to decrease global warming ensure its popularity.
Renewable
Solar energy is a truly renewable resource. All areas of the world have the ability to collect some amount of solar power and solar power is available for collection each day.
Clean
Solar energy is non-polluting. It does not create greenhouse gases, such as oil-based energy does, nor does it create waste that must be stored, such as nuclear energy. It is also far quieter to create and harness, drastically reducing the noise pollution required to convert energy into a useful form. Residential size solar energy systems also have very little impact on the surrounding environment, in contrast with other renewable energy sources such as wind and hydroelectric power.
Low Maintenance
Solar panels have no moving parts and require very little maintenance beyond regular cleaning. Without moving parts to break and replace, after the initial costs of installing the panels, maintenance and repair costs are very reasonable.

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Solar power is a renewable, clean, and low-maintenance energy source, but its high initial cost and geographical dependence on efficiency limit its widespread adoption.

Summarize Written Text Questions 93

Read the passage below and summarize it using one sentence. Type your response in the box at the bottom of the screen. You have 10 minutes to finish this task. Your response will be judged on the quality of your writing and on how well your response presents the key points in the passage.

A day would come, Percy Shelley predicted in 1813, when “the monopolizing eater of animal flesh would no longer destroy his constitution by eating an acre at a meal”. He explained: “The quantity of nutritious vegetable matter consumed in fattening the carcass of an ox would afford 10 times the sustenance if gathered immediately from the bosom of the earth.” Two hundred years later, mainstream agronomists and dietitians have caught up with the poet. A growing scientific consensus agrees that feeding cereals and beans to animals is an inefficient and extravagant way to produce human food, that there is a limited amount of grazing land, that the world will be hard-pressed to supply a predicted population of 9 billion people with a diet as rich in meat as the industrialized world currently enjoys, and that it’s not a very healthy diet anyway. On top of this, livestock contributes significantly towards global warming, generating 14.5% of all manmade greenhouse gas emissions, according to one much-quoted estimate from the United Nations. Now that the problem has been identified, the challenge is to persuade people in wealthy countries to eat less meat. That might seem a tall order, but governments have successfully persuaded people to quit smoking through a combination of public information, regulation, and taxation.

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Percy Shelley’s 1813 prediction about the inefficiency of animal-based diets has been confirmed by modern science, which now acknowledges the environmental and health costs of meat consumption, urging wealthier nations to reduce meat intake as a solution.